OBS/GYN Flashcards
What is gynecology?
The branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and routine physical care of the female reproductive system
What term refers to the structures of the female reproductive system seen from the outside of the body?
Pudendum
What is the perineum?
The area between the vaginal opening and the anus
What are Bartholin glands?
Mucous secreting glands just inside the lower vagina that provide lubrication during intercourse.
What is discharged during menstruation?
25-65 ml of blood, epithelial cells, mucous, and tissue.
What are the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle?
Ovarian cycle (follicular phase days 1-13, luteal phase days 14-28)
Uterine cycle (proliferative phase days 5-14, secretory phase days 15-28)
What is menarche?
The onset of the first menses signalling the possibility of fertility.
What is menopause?
The last menses when a woman has reached the end of childbearing age.
What is the climacteric?
The period of life following and during the transition of menopause.
What are the symptoms of menopause?
Diaphoresis
Hair loss
Hot flashes
Cognitive changes
Sexual dysfunction
Sore limbs
Headache
Mood disorder
Fatigue
What is Dysmenorrhea?
Painful menses
Primary- occurs with advent of menstruation and lasts 1-2 days (80%)
Secondary- pain before, during, and after menstruation
What is Amenorrhea?
Absence or cessation of menstruation usually due to pregnancy
What is menorrhagia?
Blood flow lasting several days longer than usual.
What is Polymenorrhea?
Blood flow occurring more often than a 21 day interval.
What is Metrorrhagia?
Blood flow or intermittent spotting occurring irregularly but frequently.
What is pelvic inflammatory disease?
Infection of women’s reproductive organs occurring almost exclusively in sexually active women.
Risk factors include use of an IUD, unprotected intercourse, and untreated STI
What is Interstitial cystitis/ chronic bladder condition?
A chronic bladder condition with an unknown cause resulting in inflammation or irritation. In severe cases irritation may lead to ulcers in the bladder lining
When are ectopic pregnancies diagnosed?
Commonly diagnosed between 6-10 weeks of gestation
What is an ovarian cyst?
A fluid filled sac that grows on or in an ovary. The most common type is the functional cyst developed during menstruation.
What is a Tubo-ovarian abscess?
An infectious collection in the ovaries or fallopian tubes occasionally leading to peritonitis
What is ovarian torsion?
Twisting of an ovary, most common in women of reproductive age
What is toxic shock syndrome?
Profound shock caused by bacteria that release a protein called toxic shock syndrome toxin
What are 2 of the most common infections that affect women?
bacterial vaginitis and vaginal yeast infections
How do Chlamydia and Gonorrhea differ from Genital Heroes
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea are caused by a bacteria
Herpes is caused by a virus
What does the LORDS TRACHEA mnemonic mean?
Location of pain?
Onset of pain?
Radiate, does the pain radiate
Duration of pain? Constant/intermittent?
Severity of pain?
Timing of the pain?
Relieve, does anything relieve the pain?
Aggravating the pain?
Character of the pain? Crappy/achy/sharp?
Historic precedent?
Eaten anything?
Associated problems?
What is the most important thing to look for in a woman with abdominal pain?
Signs of shock
What is the ACHES-S mnemonic and when is it used?
Helps remember the adverse effects associated with oral contraceptives?
Abdominal pain
Chest pain
Headache (severe)
Eyes (blurred vision)
Spotting
Severe leg pain
What do the terms Gravid and Parity mean?
Gravid is the term for pregnancy
Parity is the term for live delivery
How does pelvic inflammatory disease usually present?
Achy pain spread over both quadrants of the lower abdomen, may be made worse by sexual intercourse.
What is the most common gynecologic emergency to encounter?
A foreign object that has become stuck in the vagina or anus.
What is the first as most common drug used in sexual assaults?
Alcohol
How many follicles are stored in each ovary?
Each ovary contains 200 000 follicles, each one has an oocyte (egg) inside it.
What are the 3 layers of tissue comprising the fallopian tubes?
Serosa (outer layer)
Muscularis
Internal Mucosa (inner layer)
Explain the release of FSH, GnRH, and LH
Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates maturation of an oocyte
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates release of FSH
Leteinizing hormone stimulates the process of ovulation
What are the 3 parts of the uterus?
Fundus- dome shaped top
Body- tapered and narrow
Cervix- narrowest portion that opens to the vagina
What are the 3 layers of tissue making up the uterus?
Perimetrium (outer layer)
Myometrium
Endometrium (inner layer)
What is an episiotomy?
An incision in the perineal skin to avoid tearing and complications during delivery.
What does the egg do after it’s fertilized?
It’s now called a blastocyst and will implant in the endometrial wall one week after conception
What happens in the third week of gestation?
The egg becomes an embryo and starts to develop body systems
What happens during the 4th week of pregnancy?
The placenta begins to develop
What is the volume of the amniotic sac at the end of term?
1L
What is the size of the uterus before and after pregnancy?
Before: 8cm long, 5cm wide, and 2cm thick
End of term: weigh as much as 1kg, and have a capacity of 5L
How much blood increase is there in a pregnant woman at term?
40-50%
How much bleeding is considered normal during delivery?
<500 ml
What ekg changes are considered normal during pregnancy?
HR increase of 15-20 bpm
Ectopic beats and SVT may be normal
Define the following terms
Primigravida
Primipara
Multigravida
Multipara
Nullipara
Primigravida- pregnant for the first time
Primipara- only had 1 delivery
Multigravida- having had 2 or more pregnancies
Multipara- having had 2 or more deliveries
Nullipara- a women that has never delivered
What does the time between contractions tell you?
How imminent delivery is
>5 min., may be able to make it to the hospital
<2 min., birth is imminent
Who is most susceptible to Pre-eclampsia?
Women younger than 18 and older than 35 as well as African-Canadian women
What are the symptoms of pre-eclampsia?
High blood pressure (greater than 160/90)
Impaired liver and renal function
Pulmonary Edema
Seizures (eclampsia)
What is Hyperemesis Gravidarum?
Persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (much more serious than morning sickness)
Most common in first time pregnancies with multiple gestations and obese women
How much go women’s kidneys grow during pregnancy?
They lengthen by up to 2 cm
What effect does epilepsy have on vaginal bleeding?
Women with epilepsy tend to have increased risk of vaginal bleeding during and after pregnancy.
What is Cholestasis and it’s symptoms?
A disease of the liver that occurs during pregnancy
Symptoms include painful itching of the hands and feet
What are the 3 major causes of antepartum hemorrhage?
Abruptio Placenta
Placenta Previa
Uterine Rupture
What are Tocolytics?
Drugs used to delay labour
What does a placenta look like?
One side should by grey, shiny, and smooth. The other side should be dark maroon with a rough texture.
Who is at the greatest risk of uterine rupture?
Women who have had many children and women that have a scar on their uterus from a previous cesarean section.
What is the difference between an infant and neonate?
Infant: first 24 hours after birth
Neonate: First month after birth
Define preterm, term, and postterm?
Preterm < 37 weeks
Term 37-42 weeks
Postterm > 42 weeks
What may be caused by delaying clamping the umbilical cord?
Polycythemia
What are the signs of respiratory distress in a newborn?
Intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, and grunting
What may be indicated by a newborn with respiratory distress, heart sounds shifted to the right, decreased breath sounds on the left and bowel sounds in the chest?
Diaphragmatic Hernia
What is the difference between primary apnea and secondary apnea?
Primary apnea: may be fixed by drying and stimulating the baby
Secondary apnea: PPV or intubation is required
What are the 4 major types of seizures and how are they distinguished?
Subtle Seizure: eye deviation, blinking, sucking, and pedalling movement
Tonic seizure: persistent posturing of one limb, the neck, or trunk with eye deviation
Clonic seizure: jerking of one or more extremity
Myoclonic seizure: rapid jerking without rhythm
What is considered hypoglycemia in full or pre term newborns?
2.6 mmol/L or less
What is the most frequently fractured bone in newborns?
The clavicle
