Chapter 7&8 Flashcards
What is the origin of the word pharmacology?
Greek words pharmakon (drug or poison) and logos (word or discourse)
What are the 6 Rights of Medication administration?
Right Patient
Right Medication
Right Dose
Right Route
Right Time
Right Documentation
What does Pharmacology mean?
The study of medications and their effect or actions on the body
What is a medication?
A drug that has been approved by a government agency that regulates pharmaceuticals
What is a drug?
A drug is any substance or mixture of substances manufactured, sold, or represented for use in 1. The diagnosis treatment mitigation or prevention of symptoms, 2. Restoring correcting or modifying organic functions in the body, 3. Disinfection in premises where food is manufactured prepared or kept.
What are the 3 naming designations for medications?
Chemical name
Generic name
Trade name
What are the 4 principal sources of medications?
Animal
Plant
Mineral
Laboratory (synthetic compounds)
What are the 9 drug schedules?
Schedule I: narcotics such as opium, heroin, morphine, and cocaine
Schedule II: Cannabis and Cannabis resin
Schedule III: Stimulants such as amphetamines and hallucinogenics
Schedule IV: Substances such as anabolic steroids, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines
Schedule V: Repealed
Schedule VI: Precursors that can be converted into designer drugs
Schedule VII: Repealed
Schedule VIII: Repealed
Schedule IX: Devices that may be used to produce tablets and capsules
What are the 4 Phases of clinical trials
Phase 1: Testing in healthy volunteers to compare human data to animal data
Phase 2: Double blind study in a homogenous population, involving 1 group getting a placebo
Phase 3: Drug is made available to a larger group of patients to monitor effects
Phase 4: Compare the new drug to others on the market
Which 3 groups require special considerations in medication therapy?
Pregnant patients
Paediatric patients
Geriatric patients
What are 4 guidelines that can help you responsibly administer medications?
Understand Indications and Contraindications
Practice safe and sterile administration techniques
Understand potential side effects
Understand the medications pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
What is the difference between Afferent nerves and Efferent nerves?
Afferent nerves carry sensory impulses from all parts of the body
Efferent nerves carry messages from the brain to the muscles and organs of the body
What are the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic is responsible for fight or flight response
Parasympathetic system is responsible for rest and digest response
What does the term Adrenergic refer to?
Nerve fibres that release norepinephrine or epinephrine
What does the term Sympatholytic refer to?
Interfering or inhibiting the effect of the impulses from the sympathetic nervous system
What is the difference between an affinity and an agonist?
Affinity refers to the attraction between a medication and it’s receptors
Agonist is is a medication that stimulates a receptor site
What are the 3 forms of medications?
Liquid (Solution, Tincture, Syrup, Lotion)
Solid (Powder, Capsule, Tablet, Patch)
Gas (Vapour)
What are the rates of absorption for various medication routes? (Topical, Oral, Rectal, Subcutaneous, IM, Sublingual, Inhalation, IO, IV)
Topical: Hours-Days
Oral: 30-90 mins
Rectal: 5-30 minutes
Subcutaneous: 15-30 mins
IM: 10-20 minutes
Sublingual: 3 mins
Inhalation: 3 mins
IO: 60 secs
IV: 30-60 secs
What is the difference between percutaneous, enteral, and parenteral medication administration?
Percutaneous- absorbed through the skin or a mucous membrane
Enteral- absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract
Parenteral- any other route of administration
What is pharmacokinetics?
The study of the metabolism and action of medications within the body, with emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution in the body and method of excretion.
What is a loading dose vs a maintenance dose?
Loading dose- a large dose that is given quickly to reach a therapeutic level
Maintenance dose- a smaller dose administered over time to maintain the therapeutic level
What is bioavailability?
The effectiveness of the drug to reach the target cells and not be altered in non target cells.
What is Biotransformation?
The manner in which the body metabolizes medications. Occurs by transforming the medication into a metabolite or by making it more water soluble
How does the body eliminate medications?
Excretion primarily through the kidneys via 3 mechanisms,
Glomerular filtration
Tubular secretion
Partial reabsorption