objective 9: male and female reproductive alterations Flashcards
A group of physical and emotional symptoms
Etiology and cause is unknown
* Proposed that PMS results from excess estrogen, or deficiency in progesterone, or both
Symptoms appear within 5 days prior to, and disappear within 4 days of the onset of menses.
Appears during multiple cycles
Diagnosis can only be certain once all other possible causes are ruled out
* No definitive test, focused history and physical, journal keeping
Premenstrual dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
premenstrual syndrome
Abdominal cramping, discomfort, or painful menstruation
without pelvic pathology
Begins with onset of menstrual flow and continues for up
to 72 hours
May be caused by excess prostaglandin production that
causes painful uterine contractions and vasospasms
dysmenorrhea
absence of menstrual flow
amenorrhea
Prolonged (more than 7 days) and/or excessive bleeding (more than 80mL) during menstrual flow
Common, affects 20-30% of women
For younger women, clotting disorders may be cause
For older women, cause is often uterine fibroids, polyps, or hormonal imbalances
May result in anemia
Goal is to minimize blood loss
Treatments include hysterectomy or endometrial ablation, Balloon thermotherapy, hormone replacement
menorrhagia
Used for menorrhagia
* Balloon introduced into uterus
* Inflated with sterile fluid, heated, and
maintained for 8 minutes
* This causes an ablation (removal) of the
uterine lining
* Uterine lining sloughs off in following 7-10
days
balloon thermotherapy
Vaginal bleeding between regular periods (Spotting, or
breakthrough bleeding)
metrorrhagia
- Inflammation in the pelvic cavity and is usually
caused by infection, and affects the female
reproductive organs - Fallopian tubes (salpingitis), ovaries
(oophoritis), pelvic peritoneum
(peritonitis) - can by “silent” with no symptoms
- Major cause of female infertility
- Usually caused by a sexually transmitted
infection and is treated with antibiotics
(gonorrheal/chlamydial)
pelvic inflammatory disease
- Benign lesion(s) with cells like the uterine
lining grow outside the uterine cavity - Most commonly involves the ovaries, fallopian
tubes and the tissue lining the pelvis and
rarely, endometrial tissue may spread beyond
pelvic organs - Most commonly nulliparous women between
25-35 (1/10 women affected) - Common cause of infertility and increases risk
for ovarian cancer
endometriosis
- Benign smooth muscle tumors that arise from
overgrowth of the smooth muscle and fibrous
connective tissue in the uterus - AKA Uterine fibroids, most common tumor of
the female pelvis - May be large or small, single or multiple
- Growth usually slow, shrink after menopause
uterine leiomyoma
Downward displacement of the uterus into the
vaginal canal as a result of impaired pelvic
support
uterine prolapse
what are the rates of degrees of uterine prolapse?
first, second, third
cervix rests in lower part of vagina
first degree
cervix is at the vaginal opening
second degree
uterus protrudes through the introitus
third degree
- Occurs if the support structures of the uterus
itself weaken, causing protrusion into the
vagina - If the prolapse is visible outside the vagina, it
is called a procidentia - Often a result of damage during childbirth
- May displace bladder/rectum as it prolapses
uterine prolase
Anterior prolapse/prolapsed bladder occurs
when the anterior supportive tissue between a
woman’s bladder and vaginal wall weakens and allows
the bladder to bulge into the vagina
cystocele
Posterior prolapse/rectal prolapse occurs
when the thin wall between the rectum and vagina
weakens, allowing the vaginal wall to bulge
rectocele
- Benign, soft, surrounded by a thin capsule
and filled with fluid or growths of solid
tissue - Follicle and corpus luteum cysts are
common - Risk for malignancy is much higher in
postmenopausal women - May cause acute pain and abdominal
swelling if it ruptures
ovarian cysts
- Chronic disorder, many benign cysts form on
the ovaries - Caused by hormonal abnormalities
- Multiple fluid filled cysts develop from mature
ovarian follicles that fail to rupture - Creates chronic anovulation and androgen
excess
polycystic ovarian syndrome
- Inflammation of the prostate gland, classified
as either acute or chronic and is usually a
result of infection - Infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi,
or mycoplasma - E.Coli is the most common cause
prostatitis
Benign, noninflammatory enlargement of the prostate gland –
increase in number of cells (hyperplasia)
Most common urological problem in male adults (50%)
The enlarged prostate may compress the urethra, which runs
through the center of the prostate, impeding the flow of urine
from the bladder
* If severe enough, complete blockage and retention can occur
Does not increase risk of cancer
benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Void often, assist emptying by leaning forward & “bearing down”
(Valsalva maneuver) or pressing down on the bladder (Crede’s
manever) - Drink frequent, small volumes of fluid
- Limit alcohol and caffeine (increase urgency)
- Limit use of decongestants (sympathomimetic – interferes with
urination)
optimal bladder functioning
- Also known as impotence, is the inability to attain or maintain an
erection sufficient for intercourse - Prevalence in men aged 40-88 is 49.4% have some level of ED
- May be caused by both emotional and/or physiologic factors
erectile dysfunction
Occurs when the penis becomes engorged and remains erect without any
sexual stimulation
priapism
- Malignant tumor of the prostate gland
- Most common cancer among men, majority
older than age 65 - Family history increases the risk
- Other risk factors include
- Diet low in fiber and high in fat, obesity,
sedentary lifestyle, African heritage
prostate cancer
Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria
Spread through direct physical contact with infected host
gonnorhea
Caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria, it’s entry is
facilitated by minor abrasions that often occur during
sexual intercourse
syphilis
Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
Transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex
chlamydia infections
- Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) usually type 2
- Enters through the mucous membranes during contact with
an infected person - Chronic within the individual for life – can be dormant and
reactivate
genital herpes
Causes skin and mucosal infections
More than 130 types of the virus, many of which are sexually transmitted
Highly contagious
genital human papilloma virus
