objective 9: male and female reproductive alterations

Question 1

A group of physical and emotional symptoms
Etiology and cause is unknown
* Proposed that PMS results from excess estrogen, or deficiency in progesterone, or both
Symptoms appear within 5 days prior to, and disappear within 4 days of the onset of menses.
Appears during multiple cycles
Diagnosis can only be certain once all other possible causes are ruled out
* No definitive test, focused history and physical, journal keeping
Premenstrual dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

Answer 1

premenstrual syndrome

Question 2

Abdominal cramping, discomfort, or painful menstruation
without pelvic pathology
Begins with onset of menstrual flow and continues for up
to 72 hours
May be caused by excess prostaglandin production that
causes painful uterine contractions and vasospasms

Answer 2

dysmenorrhea

Question 3

absence of menstrual flow

Answer 3

amenorrhea

Question 4

Prolonged (more than 7 days) and/or excessive bleeding (more than 80mL) during menstrual flow
Common, affects 20-30% of women
For younger women, clotting disorders may be cause
For older women, cause is often uterine fibroids, polyps, or hormonal imbalances
May result in anemia
Goal is to minimize blood loss
Treatments include hysterectomy or endometrial ablation, Balloon thermotherapy, hormone replacement

Answer 4

menorrhagia

Question 5

Used for menorrhagia
* Balloon introduced into uterus
* Inflated with sterile fluid, heated, and
maintained for 8 minutes
* This causes an ablation (removal) of the
uterine lining
* Uterine lining sloughs off in following 7-10
days

Answer 5

balloon thermotherapy

Question 6

Vaginal bleeding between regular periods (Spotting, or
breakthrough bleeding)

Answer 6

metrorrhagia

Question 7

• Inflammation in the pelvic cavity and is usually
  caused by infection, and affects the female
  reproductive organs
• Fallopian tubes (salpingitis), ovaries
  (oophoritis), pelvic peritoneum
  (peritonitis)
• can by “silent” with no symptoms
• Major cause of female infertility
• Usually caused by a sexually transmitted
  infection and is treated with antibiotics
  (gonorrheal/chlamydial)

Answer 7

pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 8

• Benign lesion(s) with cells like the uterine
  lining grow outside the uterine cavity
• Most commonly involves the ovaries, fallopian
  tubes and the tissue lining the pelvis and
  rarely, endometrial tissue may spread beyond
  pelvic organs
• Most commonly nulliparous women between
  25-35 (1/10 women affected)
• Common cause of infertility and increases risk
  for ovarian cancer

Answer 8

endometriosis

Question 9

• Benign smooth muscle tumors that arise from
  overgrowth of the smooth muscle and fibrous
  connective tissue in the uterus
• AKA Uterine fibroids, most common tumor of
  the female pelvis
• May be large or small, single or multiple
• Growth usually slow, shrink after menopause

Answer 9

uterine leiomyoma

Question 10

Downward displacement of the uterus into the
vaginal canal as a result of impaired pelvic
support

Answer 10

uterine prolapse

Question 11

what are the rates of degrees of uterine prolapse?

Answer 11

first, second, third

Question 12

cervix rests in lower part of vagina

Answer 12

first degree

Question 13

cervix is at the vaginal opening

Answer 13

second degree

Question 14

uterus protrudes through the introitus

Answer 14

third degree

Question 15

• Occurs if the support structures of the uterus
  itself weaken, causing protrusion into the
  vagina
• If the prolapse is visible outside the vagina, it
  is called a procidentia
• Often a result of damage during childbirth
• May displace bladder/rectum as it prolapses

Answer 15

uterine prolase

Question 16

Anterior prolapse/prolapsed bladder occurs
when the anterior supportive tissue between a
woman’s bladder and vaginal wall weakens and allows
the bladder to bulge into the vagina

Answer 16

cystocele

Question 17

Posterior prolapse/rectal prolapse occurs
when the thin wall between the rectum and vagina
weakens, allowing the vaginal wall to bulge

Answer 17

rectocele

Question 18

• Benign, soft, surrounded by a thin capsule
  and filled with fluid or growths of solid
  tissue
• Follicle and corpus luteum cysts are
  common
• Risk for malignancy is much higher in
  postmenopausal women
• May cause acute pain and abdominal
  swelling if it ruptures

Answer 18

ovarian cysts

Question 19

• Chronic disorder, many benign cysts form on
  the ovaries
• Caused by hormonal abnormalities
• Multiple fluid filled cysts develop from mature
  ovarian follicles that fail to rupture
• Creates chronic anovulation and androgen
  excess

Answer 19

polycystic ovarian syndrome

Question 20

• Inflammation of the prostate gland, classified
  as either acute or chronic and is usually a
  result of infection
• Infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi,
  or mycoplasma
• E.Coli is the most common cause

Answer 20

prostatitis

Question 21

Benign, noninflammatory enlargement of the prostate gland –
increase in number of cells (hyperplasia)
Most common urological problem in male adults (50%)
The enlarged prostate may compress the urethra, which runs
through the center of the prostate, impeding the flow of urine
from the bladder
* If severe enough, complete blockage and retention can occur
Does not increase risk of cancer

Answer 21

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 22

• Void often, assist emptying by leaning forward & “bearing down”
  (Valsalva maneuver) or pressing down on the bladder (Crede’s
  manever)
• Drink frequent, small volumes of fluid
• Limit alcohol and caffeine (increase urgency)
• Limit use of decongestants (sympathomimetic – interferes with
  urination)

Answer 22

optimal bladder functioning

Question 23

• Also known as impotence, is the inability to attain or maintain an
  erection sufficient for intercourse
• Prevalence in men aged 40-88 is 49.4% have some level of ED
• May be caused by both emotional and/or physiologic factors

Answer 23

erectile dysfunction

Question 24

Occurs when the penis becomes engorged and remains erect without any
sexual stimulation

Answer 24

priapism

Question 25

• Malignant tumor of the prostate gland
• Most common cancer among men, majority
  older than age 65
• Family history increases the risk
• Other risk factors include
• Diet low in fiber and high in fat, obesity,
  sedentary lifestyle, African heritage

Answer 25

prostate cancer

Question 26

Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria
Spread through direct physical contact with infected host

Answer 26

gonnorhea

Question 27

Caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria, it’s entry is
facilitated by minor abrasions that often occur during
sexual intercourse

Answer 27

syphilis

Question 28

Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
Transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex

Answer 28

chlamydia infections

Question 29

• Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) usually type 2
• Enters through the mucous membranes during contact with
  an infected person
• Chronic within the individual for life – can be dormant and
  reactivate

Answer 29

genital herpes

Question 30

Causes skin and mucosal infections
More than 130 types of the virus, many of which are sexually transmitted
Highly contagious

Answer 30

genital human papilloma virus