Objective 1: Blood and blood products Flashcards
the study of blood and blood-forming tissues
hematology
what are the hematological systems?
bone marrow, spleen, and lymph system
what are the functions of the hematological system?
transport
regulation
protection
what does the hematological system transport?
oxygen from lungs to cells
nutrients from the GI tract to cells
hormones from endocrine glands to tissues and cells
metabolic waste products from cells to lungs, liver, and kidneys
what does the hematological system regulate?
fluid and electrolyte balance
body temp
acid-base balance
what does the hematological system protect?
combating invasion of pathogens and other foreign substances
maintaining homeostasis of blood coagulation
blood cell production
bone marrow
55% of blood, primarily water, also contains proteins, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, and waste
plasma
red blood cells; oxygen transportation
erythrocytes
white blood cells
leukocytes
platelets; promote blood coagulation
thrombocytes
what are the lab studies?
CBC
PT, INR, aPTT, platelets
hematocrit, hemoglobin
radiological studies
biopsy
molecular cytogenetics and gene analysis
liquid component of blood; a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, and salts. the main job is to transport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers such as hormones, and proteins that help maintain the bodys fluid balance
plasma
a biconcave disk with a flattened center, accounting for about 40-45% of blood volume; have no nucleus and can easily change shape, helping them fit through the various blood vessels in your body. contain special protein called hemoglobin.
RBCs
helps carry O2 from the lungs to the rest of the body and then returns CO2 from the body to the lungs so it can be exhaled
hemoglobin
cells that protect the body from infection, accounting for about 1% of your blood
leukocytes
what are the different forms of leukocytes?
neutrophils
lymphocytes
mature WBC- first responder
neutrophils
T-regulator and B-make antibodies
lymphocytes
part of cells that help the blood clotting process by gathering at the site of an injury, sticking to the lining of the injured blood vessel and forming a platform on which blood coagulation can occur. This results in the formation of a fibrin clot, which covers the wound and prevents blood from leaking out.
platelets
form’s the initial scaffolding upon which new tissues forms, thus promoting healing
fibrin
The transfusion of blood and blood components restores and maintains quality of life for pts with hematological disorders, cancer, injury or surgical intervention
blood transfusions
Replaces RBC mass and plasma volume
Not typically transfused unless pt needs a massive amount of blood to counteract tremendous blood loss
Nothing has been removed from the blood
With special procedures such as centrifuging, most often whole blood is made into packed RBC, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets
whole blood
Plasma removed from whole blood
Preferred for clients that need cellular replacement but could be harmed by excess fluid
Used with severe anemia and acute bleeding
Will raise Hgb/Hct levels same as whole blood
packed RBCs
the percentage of volume by RBCs in the blood
hematocrit
Prepared from RBCs using glycerol for protection and then frozen
Can be stored for up to 10 yrs
Must be used within 24 hours of thawing
Autotransfusion- receives own blood
Stockpiling
Infrequently used
frozen RBCs
Made from fresh whole blood within 4 hrs of collection
Can also be collected with plateletpheresis
Can only be stored for 5 days
Used to prevent or treat bleeding in ppl with either a low platelet count or poor platelet function
platelets
platelets separated from blood and collected
plateletpheresis
what are the 3 groups of leukocytes?
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
major component of inflammatory response and defence against bacterial infection
neutrophils
capable of phagocytosis, active in allergic contact and delayed hypersensitivity reactions
basophils
phagocytize foreign material
eosinophils
Serum without blood cells (no RBCs or platelets): liquid portion of whole blood separated from cells and frozen
Contains most coagulation factors and complement
Increases intravascular fluid volume by increasing colloidal osmotic pressure to control bleeding
plasma FFP
what are the 2 types of plasma?
cryoprecipitate & gamma globulin
Prepared from plasma
Contains a mixture of clotting factors (factors VII (7), XII (12), Von Willebrand’s factor and fibrinogen)
Treats blood clotting disorders such as hemophilia
Replacement of clotting factors, especially factor VII and fibrinogen
cryoprecipitate
Made from plasma
Ex: immunoglobulins IgM, IgG, and IgA
A protein found in blood that acts like an antibody to defend the body against infection
Used with blood-related diseases like CLL
Low levels of gamma globulin can lead to a higher risk of some types of bacterial infections or bleeding
gamma globulin
what are the types of transfusions?
autologous donation
allogeneic donation
Removing whole blood from a person and transfusing the blood back into the same person
Donate blood before a planned surgical event
Blood is frozen and stored for up to 10 years
Problems of incompatibility, allergic reactions, and transmission of diseases can be avoided
autologous donation
A donor and a recipient are not the same person
Receiving blood from a national blood supply
Most common
Compatibility of the recipient and donor is essential
allogeneic donation
The most abundant protein in plasma
Made from plasma
Pulls third-spacing (acities) fluid by increasing colloidal osmotic pressure and increasing circulating blood volume
Used to treat hyponatremia in burns and hypoalbuminemia in shock
Used to support BP in dialysis and acute liver failure
albumin
