objective 8: immune alterations

Question 1

is the bodys ability to resist harmful microorganisms from entering and causing illness/disease

Answer 1

immunity

Question 2

protect the body internal environment against invading organisms

Answer 2

defence

Question 3

maintain by removed damaged cells from the circulation

Answer 3

homeostasis

Question 4

serves as a network for recognizing and guarding against the development and growth of abnormal cells

Answer 4

surveillance

Question 5

the immune system responds appropriately to a foreign stimulus

Answer 5

immunocompetence

Question 6

the quality of being insusceptible to or unaffected by a particular disease or condition

Answer 6

immunity

Question 7

the study of the immune system

Answer 7

immunology

Question 8

Hyperactive response against
environmental antigens (allergy)
Inability to protect the body, as in
immunodeficiency disorders (AIDS)
Failure to recognize the body as self, as
in autoimmune disorders (systemic
lupus erythematosus)
Attacks on beneficial foreign tissue
(organ transplant rejection or
transfusion reaction)

Answer 8

altered immune responses

Question 9

what are the types of immunity?

Answer 9

innate
acquired
active
passive

Question 10

• Present at birth and is the first line of defence against pathogens
• Nonspecific and responds quickly
• Provides physical, mechanical, and chemical barriers to invading pathogens, and protects
  against external environment
• Skin, mucous membranes, cilia, stomach acid, tears, saliva, sebaceous glands, and
  secretions of the intestines and vagina are all included in innate immunity

Answer 10

innate immunity

Question 11

Second line of defence
Provides a specific reaction to each invading antigen
* Produces antibodies in the cells after an infection or immunization
Composed of thymus, spleen, bone marrow, blood, and lymph
tissue

Answer 11

acquired immunity

Question 12

results from invasion of microorganisms into the body and production of specific antibodies

Answer 12

active

Question 13

person recieves antibodies rather than synthesizing them

Answer 13

natural

Question 14

what are the cells involved in immune response?

Answer 14

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Antigens
Cytokines

Question 15

• Engulf and destroy antigens that pass through skin
  and mucous membranes via phagocytosis
• Initiates immune response via lymphocytes

Answer 15

macrophages

Question 16

A substance recognized by the body as foreign, and
can trigger an immune reponse

Answer 16

antigen

Question 17

produce antibodies and alert the T cells

Answer 17

B lymphocytes

Question 18

Destroy compromised cells in the body and alert leukocytes
through secretion of lymphokines

Answer 18

T lymphocytes

Question 19

Chemical factor released by T cells that attracts
macrophages to the site of infection/inflammation

Answer 19

lymphokine

Question 20

large granular lymphocyes involved in destruction of virus infected cells and tumour cells

Answer 20

NKC

Question 21

Found in skin, mucous membrane lining, stomach, nose, etc.
Purpose is to capture antigen at site of contact with external
environment and transport to T cells to be destroyed

Answer 21

dendritic cells

Question 22

A member of the granulocytic series and is named or the characteristics staining pattern of its granules as
well as its multilobed nucleus

Answer 22

neutrophils

Question 23

are the larges normal blood cells (14-20 um in diameter)

Answer 23

monocytes

Question 24

Are mildly phagocytic have 2 functions: 1) they serve as the body’s primary defense against parasites 2)
help regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells

Answer 24

eosinophils

Question 25

the least prevalent granulocyte in the blood. Similar to mast cells in content and is an important source of the cytokine IL-4 which is a key regulator of the acquired immune response. Often associated with allergies and asthma. Primary role unknownb

Answer 25

basophils

Question 26

Cellular fragments formed from megakaryocytes. Circulate in blood stream until vascular injury occurs. Can be activated by many products of both the innate and adaptive immune responses, including collagen, thrombin, and antigen-antibody complexes.

Answer 26

platelets

Question 27

Are low-molecular-weight proteins that primarily protect against viral infections and modulate the inflammatory response

Answer 27

interferons

Question 28

Central cell in inflammation . Are cellular bags of granules located in the loose connective tissues close to blood vessels.

Answer 28

mast cells

Question 29

A vasoactive amine that causes temporary, rapid constriction of the large vessel walls and dilation of the post- capillary venules, both of which result in increased blood flow into the microcirculation

Answer 29

histamine

Question 30

Synthesized by the mast cells and are a product of arachidonic acid and cause increased vascular permeability.

Answer 30

prostaglandins

Question 31

* Responds to antigens such as bacteria and foreign tissue * Result of the development and continuing presence of circulating antibodies in the plasma

Answer 31

humoral immunity

Question 32

* Also called cell-mediated immunity results when T cells are activated by an antigen. * Whole cells become sensitized in a process similar to that which stimulates the B cells to form antibodies. Once these T cells have been sensitized, they are released into the blood and body tissues, where they remain indefinitely

Answer 32

cellular immunity

Question 33

what are the 4 Rs of immune response?

Answer 33

recognize regulate respond remember

Question 34

Normally the body recognizes its own cells as non-antigenic; therefore an immune response generally is triggered only in response to agents that the body identifies as foreign

Answer 34

recognize self from non-self

Question 35

disrupt the ability to differentiate self from non-self, and the immune system attacks the body’s own cells as if there were foreign antigens.

Answer 35

autoimmune disorders

Question 36

the immune system responds in part by producing antibodies that target specific antigens for destruction. New antibodies are produced in response to new antigens. Deficits in the ability to respond can result in immunodeficiency disorders such as HIV/AIDS

Answer 36

respond to non-self invaders

Question 37

The ability to remember antigens that invaded the body in the past allows a quicker response if subsequent invasion by the same antigen occurs.

Answer 37

remember the invader

Question 38

Self-regulation allows the immune system to monitor itself by “turning on” when an antigen invades and “turning off” when the invasion has been eradicated. Regulation prevents the destruction of the healthy or host tissue The inability to regulate could result in a chronic inflammation and damage to the host tissue This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Answer 38

regulate its action

Question 39

A controlled exposure to a disease- producing pathogen that triggers antibody production and prevents disease

Answer 39

immunization

Question 40

Long term management option to treat allergies Involves administering increasingly large doses of the offending allergens to gradually develop immunity Weekly injections of a very diluted antigen increasing in strength over 1-3 years

Answer 40

immunotherapy

Question 41

is the state in which the body's immune system can identify and inactivate or destroy foreign substances

Answer 41

immuno-competence

Question 42

* An abnormal condition characterized by excessive immune response to a particular stimulus * Harmless substances such as pollens, foods, and chemicals are recognized as foreign * Caused by a genetic defect that allows increased production of immunoglobulin

Answer 42

hypersensitivity reactions

Question 43

Most severe type of allergic reaction. IgE Mediated Immediate symptom onset upon second exposure to allergen System overreacts to venoms, medications, insect bites, foods, etc.

Answer 43

anaphylaxis

Question 44

IgG/IgM antibodies directly bind to antigen on cell surface and cause cell destruction via cytolysis or phagocytosis Tissue damage occurs rapidly

Answer 44

ytotoxic and cytolytic reactions

Question 45

Tissue damage caused by antigen-antibody complexes Antigens combine with immunoglobulins and are too small to be effectively removed by phagocytes Complexes deposit in tissue and cause activation of inflammatory system May be local/systemic and immediate/delayed

Answer 45

immune complex reactions

Question 46

* Cell mediated immune response * Tissue damage occurs due to T lymphocytes release of cytokines and attraction of macrophages * Takes 24-48 hours to occur

Answer 46

delayed hypersensitivity

Question 47

An abnormal condition of the immune system in which cellular or humoral immunity is inadequate and resistance to infection is decreased May cause recurrent infections, chronic infections, severe infections, and/or incomplete clearing of infections Can be induced (chemotherapy) May be Primary or Secondary

Answer 47

immunodeficiency

Question 48

Disorders in which natural cells are attacked or destroyed by killer T cells and autoantibodies Diseases are considered autoimmune when they show steady, progressive tissue damage without an identifiable cause The immune system no longer recognizes the body’s normal cells as self but non- self or foreign The antigens on these normal cells are recognized as foreign material & an immune response to destroy them is initiated

Answer 48

autoimmune disorders

Question 49

what are the routes of transmission for HIV?

Answer 49

sexual parenteral perinatal