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Med-surg nursing II > objective 8: immune alterations > Flashcards

objective 8: immune alterations Flashcards

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1
Q

is the bodys ability to resist harmful microorganisms from entering and causing illness/disease

A

immunity

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2
Q

protect the body internal environment against invading organisms

A

defence

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3
Q

maintain by removed damaged cells from the circulation

A

homeostasis

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4
Q

serves as a network for recognizing and guarding against the development and growth of abnormal cells

A

surveillance

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5
Q

the immune system responds appropriately to a foreign stimulus

A

immunocompetence

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6
Q

the quality of being insusceptible to or unaffected by a particular disease or condition

A

immunity

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7
Q

the study of the immune system

A

immunology

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8
Q

Hyperactive response against
environmental antigens (allergy)
Inability to protect the body, as in
immunodeficiency disorders (AIDS)
Failure to recognize the body as self, as
in autoimmune disorders (systemic
lupus erythematosus)
Attacks on beneficial foreign tissue
(organ transplant rejection or
transfusion reaction)

A

altered immune responses

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9
Q

what are the types of immunity?

A

innate
acquired
active
passive

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10
Q
  • Present at birth and is the first line of defence against pathogens
  • Nonspecific and responds quickly
  • Provides physical, mechanical, and chemical barriers to invading pathogens, and protects
    against external environment
  • Skin, mucous membranes, cilia, stomach acid, tears, saliva, sebaceous glands, and
    secretions of the intestines and vagina are all included in innate immunity
A

innate immunity

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11
Q

Second line of defence
Provides a specific reaction to each invading antigen
* Produces antibodies in the cells after an infection or immunization
Composed of thymus, spleen, bone marrow, blood, and lymph
tissue

A

acquired immunity

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12
Q

results from invasion of microorganisms into the body and production of specific antibodies

A

active

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13
Q

person recieves antibodies rather than synthesizing them

A

natural

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14
Q

what are the cells involved in immune response?

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Antigens
Cytokines

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15
Q
  • Engulf and destroy antigens that pass through skin
    and mucous membranes via phagocytosis
  • Initiates immune response via lymphocytes
A

macrophages

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16
Q

A substance recognized by the body as foreign, and
can trigger an immune reponse

A

antigen

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17
Q

produce antibodies and alert the T cells

A

B lymphocytes

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18
Q

Destroy compromised cells in the body and alert leukocytes
through secretion of lymphokines

A

T lymphocytes

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19
Q

Chemical factor released by T cells that attracts
macrophages to the site of infection/inflammation

A

lymphokine

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20
Q

large granular lymphocyes involved in destruction of virus infected cells and tumour cells

A

NKC

21
Q

Found in skin, mucous membrane lining, stomach, nose, etc.
Purpose is to capture antigen at site of contact with external
environment and transport to T cells to be destroyed

A

dendritic cells

22
Q

A member of the granulocytic series and is named or the characteristics staining pattern of its granules as
well as its multilobed nucleus

A

neutrophils

23
Q

are the larges normal blood cells (14-20 um in diameter)

A

monocytes

24
Q

Are mildly phagocytic have 2 functions: 1) they serve as the body’s primary defense against parasites 2)
help regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells

A

eosinophils

25
Q

the least prevalent granulocyte in the blood. Similar to mast cells in content and is an important source of
the cytokine IL-4 which is a key regulator of the acquired immune response. Often associated with
allergies and asthma. Primary role unknownb

A

basophils

26
Q

Cellular fragments formed from megakaryocytes. Circulate in blood stream until vascular injury occurs. Can be
activated by many products of both the innate and adaptive immune responses, including collagen, thrombin, and
antigen-antibody complexes.

A

platelets

27
Q

Are low-molecular-weight proteins that primarily protect against viral infections and modulate the inflammatory
response

A

interferons

28
Q

Central cell in inflammation . Are cellular bags of granules located in the loose connective tissues close to blood
vessels.

A

mast cells

29
Q

A vasoactive amine that causes temporary, rapid constriction of the large vessel walls and dilation of the post-
capillary venules, both of which result in increased blood flow into the microcirculation

A

histamine

30
Q

Synthesized by the mast cells and are a product of arachidonic acid and cause increased vascular permeability.

A

prostaglandins

31
Q
  • Responds to antigens such as bacteria and foreign
    tissue
  • Result of the development and continuing
    presence of circulating antibodies in the plasma
A

humoral immunity

32
Q
  • Also called cell-mediated immunity results when T cells are activated by an
    antigen.
  • Whole cells become sensitized in a process similar to that which stimulates
    the B cells to form antibodies. Once these T cells have been sensitized, they
    are released into the blood and body tissues, where they remain indefinitely
A

cellular immunity

33
Q

what are the 4 Rs of immune response?

A

recognize
regulate
respond
remember

34
Q

Normally the body recognizes its
own cells as non-antigenic;
therefore an immune response
generally is triggered only in
response to agents that the body
identifies as foreign

A

recognize self from non-self

35
Q

disrupt the
ability to differentiate self from
non-self, and the immune system
attacks the body’s own cells as if
there were foreign antigens.

A

autoimmune disorders

36
Q

the
immune system responds in part by
producing antibodies that target specific
antigens for destruction. New antibodies
are produced in response to new
antigens. Deficits in the ability to respond
can result in immunodeficiency disorders
such as HIV/AIDS

A

respond to non-self invaders

37
Q

The
ability to remember antigens that
invaded the body in the past allows
a quicker response if subsequent
invasion by the same antigen
occurs.

A

remember the invader

38
Q

Self-regulation
allows the immune system to
monitor itself by “turning on”
when an antigen invades and
“turning off” when the invasion has
been eradicated. Regulation
prevents the destruction of the
healthy or host tissue The inability
to regulate could result in a chronic
inflammation and damage to the
host tissue This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

A

regulate its action

39
Q

A controlled exposure to a disease-
producing pathogen that triggers antibody
production and prevents disease

A

immunization

40
Q

Long term management option to treat allergies
Involves administering increasingly large doses of the offending
allergens to gradually develop immunity
Weekly injections of a very diluted antigen increasing in strength
over 1-3 years

A

immunotherapy

41
Q

is the state in which the body’s immune system
can identify and inactivate or destroy foreign substances

A

immuno-competence

42
Q
  • An abnormal condition characterized by
    excessive immune response to a particular
    stimulus
  • Harmless substances such as pollens, foods,
    and chemicals are recognized as foreign
  • Caused by a genetic defect that allows
    increased production of immunoglobulin
A

hypersensitivity reactions

43
Q

Most severe type of allergic reaction. IgE
Mediated
Immediate symptom onset upon second
exposure to allergen
System overreacts to venoms, medications,
insect bites, foods, etc.

A

anaphylaxis

44
Q

IgG/IgM antibodies directly bind to
antigen on cell surface and cause cell
destruction via cytolysis or phagocytosis
Tissue damage occurs rapidly

A

ytotoxic and cytolytic reactions

45
Q

Tissue damage caused by antigen-antibody complexes
Antigens combine with immunoglobulins and are too small to be effectively
removed by phagocytes
Complexes deposit in tissue and cause activation of inflammatory system
May be local/systemic and immediate/delayed

A

immune complex reactions

46
Q
  • Cell mediated immune response
  • Tissue damage occurs due to T
    lymphocytes release of cytokines
    and attraction of macrophages
  • Takes 24-48 hours to occur
A

delayed hypersensitivity

47
Q

An abnormal condition of the immune system in which cellular or humoral
immunity is inadequate and resistance to infection is decreased
May cause recurrent infections, chronic infections, severe infections, and/or
incomplete clearing of infections
Can be induced (chemotherapy)
May be Primary or Secondary

A

immunodeficiency

48
Q

Disorders in which natural cells are attacked or destroyed by killer T cells and
autoantibodies
Diseases are considered autoimmune when they show steady, progressive tissue
damage without an identifiable cause
The immune system no longer recognizes the body’s normal cells as self but non-
self or foreign
The antigens on these normal cells are recognized as foreign material & an immune
response to destroy them is initiated

A

autoimmune disorders

49
Q

what are the routes of transmission for HIV?

A

sexual
parenteral
perinatal

Med-surg nursing II (9 decks)

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