Objective 6: neurological alterations

Question 1

controls all motor, sensory, autonomic, cognitive, and behavioral activities

Answer 1

nervous system

Question 2

brain and spinal cord

Answer 2

CNS

Question 3

includes cranial and spinal nerves
autonomic and somatic systems

Answer 3

PNS

Question 4

• Communicate messages from one neuron to another or to a specific target tissue
• Many neurologic disorders are caused by an imbalance in

Answer 4

neurotransmitters

Question 5

what are the diagnostic tests?

Answer 5

CT
PET
SPECT
MRI
cerebral angiography
myelography
noninvasive carotid flow studies

Question 6

computer based nuclear imaging
technique that produces images of actual organ functioning

Answer 6

PET

Question 7

three dimensional
imaging, detects stroke, seizure foci, tumor progression

Answer 7

SPECT

Question 8

x-ray study for investigating vascular disease

Answer 8

cerebral angiography

Question 9

x-ray of the spinal subarachnoid space to outline tumors,
herniated disks, lesions

Answer 9

myelography

Question 10

ultrasound and Doppler measurements of
arterial blood flow

Answer 10

noninvasive carotid flow studies

Question 11

records blood flow of the intracranial vessels

Answer 11

transcrainal doppler

Question 12

records the electrical activity of the brain

Answer 12

EEG

Question 13

measures electrical changes of the muscle

Answer 13

EMG

Question 14

because of limited space in the skull, an increase in
any one skull component—brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid—will
cause a change in the volume of the others

Answer 14

monro-kellie hypothesis

Question 15

decreases cerebral perfusion, causes ischemia, cell death, and
(further) edema

Answer 15

increased ICP

Question 16

Patient is not oriented, does not follow commands, needs persistent stimuli to
achieve a state of alertness

Answer 16

altered LOC

Question 17

clinical state of unarousable unresponsiveness

Answer 17

coma

Question 18

refers to the brain’s ability to change the diameter of blood
vessels to maintain cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral blood flow
common)

Answer 18

autoregulation

Question 19

what are the infectious neurologic disorders?

Answer 19

meningitis
brain abscesses
encephalitis

Question 20

Inflammation of the membranes and the fluid space surrounding the brain
and spinal cord

Answer 20

meningitis

Question 21

what are the types of meningitis?

Answer 21

septic owing to bacteria
aseptic owing to viral infection, lymphoma, leukemia, or brain abscess

Question 22

• Collection of infectious material (pus) within brain tissue

Answer 22

brain abscess

Question 23

• Acute, inflammatory process of the brain tissue
• Causes include viral infections (herpes simplex [HSV], vectorborne viral infections
  (West Nile, St. Louis), and fungal infections

Answer 23

encephalitis

Question 24

Facial paralysis caused by unilateral disruption of the seventh cranial nerve,unknown cause

Answer 24

bell’s palsy

Question 25

Transient uncontrolled neuronal activity in the brain, interrupting normal function * Often symptom of underlying illness * May accompany other disorders or occur spontaneously without apparent cause

Answer 25

seizures

Question 26

spasmodic contraction of muscles

Answer 26

convulsion

Question 27

Condition in which a person has at least two spontaneous seizures >24 hours apart, caused by underlying chronic pathology

Answer 27

epilepsy

Question 28

* Characterized by loss of consciousness and falling * Body stiffens (tonic) with subsequent jerking of extremities (clonic). * Cyanosis, excessive salivation, and tongue or cheek biting may occur

Answer 28

tonic-clonic seizures

Question 29

* Occurs only in children and rarely into adolescence * May cease or develop into another type * Typical symptom is staring spell for only a few seconds and usually goes unnoticed.

Answer 29

typical absence seizures

Question 30

* Postictal phase for tonic–clonic characterized by muscle soreness, fatigue; client may sleep for hours * May not feel normal for days * No memory of seizure

Answer 30

grand mall

Question 31

* Brief loss of consciousness * May occur up to 100 times/day if untreated * EEG demonstrates pattern unique to this type of seizure. * Often precipitated by hyperventilation and flashing lights

Answer 31

petit mal

Question 32

characterized by staring spell with other signs and symptoms * Brief warnings * Peculiar behaviour during seizure * Confusion after

Answer 32

atypical absence seizures

Question 33

* Characterized by sudden, excessive jerk of body and extremities * Can be forceful enough to cause fall * Brief and may occur in clusters

Answer 33

myoclonic seizure

Question 34

involves tonic episode or paroxysmal loss of muscle tone, and person falls * Consciousness usually returns by the time person hits ground and can resume normal activity. * Great risk for head injury

Answer 34

atonic seizure

Question 35

involve sudden onset of decreased exterior muscle tone. * Clients often fall

Answer 35

tonic seizures

Question 36

begin with loss of consciousness and sudden loss of muscle tone. * Followed by limb jerking

Answer 36

clonic seizures

Question 37

Also called cephalgia, it is one of the most common physical complaints

Answer 37

headache

Question 38

has no known organic cause and includes migraine, tension headache, and cluster headache

Answer 38

primary headache

Question 39

is a symptom with an organic cause such as a sinus infection or stroke

Answer 39

secondary headache

Question 40

what are the phases of a migraine>

Answer 40

prodrome aura headache recovery

Question 41

Can have a devastating effect on health and well-being * SCI is divided into traumatic (result of external physical impact) and non-traumatic (result of disease, infection, or tumour) categories

Answer 41

spinal cord injuries

Question 42

occurs when ischemia or hemorrhage into the brain results in death of brain cells. * Functions are lost or impaired. * Such as movement, sensation, or emotions that were controlled by the affected area of the brain * Severity of the loss of function varies according to the location and extent of the brain involved.

Answer 42

stroke

Question 43

what are the types of stroke?

Answer 43

ischemic hemorrhagic

Question 44

* Disruption of cerebral blood flow due to obstruction of a blood vessel (thrombosis) * Arteriosclerosis is a common cause * Early treatment (within 4.5 hours) with thrombolytic therapy results in fewer stroke symptoms and less loss of function

Answer 44

ischemic stroke

Question 45

impaired speech

Answer 45

dysphasia

Question 46

loss of speech

Answer 46

aphasia

Question 47

* Temporary neurologic deficit resulting from a temporary impairment of blood flow * Can be a warning of an impending stroke * Diagnostic work-up is required to treat and prevent irreversible deficits

Answer 47

TIA

Question 48

* A progressive immune-related demyelination (loss of myelin) disease of the CNS * Clinical manifestations vary and have different patterns * Often, the disease relapses, remits, and exacerbates, and symptoms recur including fatigue, weakness, numbness, difficulty in coordination, loss of balance, pain, and visual disturbances

Answer 48

MS

Question 49

* Associated with decreased levels of dopamine - this affects the neurotransmission of impulses * Manifestations: tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability (shuffling gait), depression and other psychiatric changes, dementia, and sleep disturbances

Answer 49

parkinsons disease

Question 50

Caused by deteriorating nerves that cannot activate your muscles * Loss of motor neurons cause progressive weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the extremities and trunk; weakness of the bulbar muscles impairs swallowing and talking; and respiratory function is also impaired

Answer 50

ALS

Question 51

* A chronic progressive hereditary disease that results in choreiform movement and dementia * Transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait

Answer 51

huntingtons disease