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Med-surg nursing II > Objective 6: neurological alterations > Flashcards

Objective 6: neurological alterations Flashcards

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1
Q

controls all motor, sensory, autonomic, cognitive, and behavioral activities

A

nervous system

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2
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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3
Q

includes cranial and spinal nerves
autonomic and somatic systems

A

PNS

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4
Q
  • Communicate messages from one neuron to another or to a specific target tissue
  • Many neurologic disorders are caused by an imbalance in
A

neurotransmitters

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5
Q

what are the diagnostic tests?

A

CT
PET
SPECT
MRI
cerebral angiography
myelography
noninvasive carotid flow studies

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6
Q

computer based nuclear imaging
technique that produces images of actual organ functioning

A

PET

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7
Q

three dimensional
imaging, detects stroke, seizure foci, tumor progression

A

SPECT

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8
Q

x-ray study for investigating vascular disease

A

cerebral angiography

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9
Q

x-ray of the spinal subarachnoid space to outline tumors,
herniated disks, lesions

A

myelography

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10
Q

ultrasound and Doppler measurements of
arterial blood flow

A

noninvasive carotid flow studies

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11
Q

records blood flow of the intracranial vessels

A

transcrainal doppler

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12
Q

records the electrical activity of the brain

A

EEG

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13
Q

measures electrical changes of the muscle

A

EMG

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14
Q

because of limited space in the skull, an increase in
any one skull component—brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid—will
cause a change in the volume of the others

A

monro-kellie hypothesis

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15
Q

decreases cerebral perfusion, causes ischemia, cell death, and
(further) edema

A

increased ICP

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16
Q

Patient is not oriented, does not follow commands, needs persistent stimuli to
achieve a state of alertness

A

altered LOC

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17
Q

clinical state of unarousable unresponsiveness

A

coma

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18
Q

refers to the brain’s ability to change the diameter of blood
vessels to maintain cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral blood flow
common)

A

autoregulation

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19
Q

what are the infectious neurologic disorders?

A

meningitis
brain abscesses
encephalitis

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20
Q

Inflammation of the membranes and the fluid space surrounding the brain
and spinal cord

A

meningitis

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21
Q

what are the types of meningitis?

A

septic owing to bacteria
aseptic owing to viral infection, lymphoma, leukemia, or brain abscess

22
Q
  • Collection of infectious material (pus) within brain tissue
A

brain abscess

23
Q
  • Acute, inflammatory process of the brain tissue
  • Causes include viral infections (herpes simplex [HSV], vectorborne viral infections
    (West Nile, St. Louis), and fungal infections
A

encephalitis

24
Q

Facial paralysis caused by unilateral disruption of the seventh cranial nerve,unknown cause

A

bell’s palsy

25
Q

Transient uncontrolled neuronal activity in the brain, interrupting normal
function
* Often symptom of underlying illness
* May accompany other disorders or occur spontaneously without apparent
cause

A

seizures

26
Q

spasmodic contraction of muscles

A

convulsion

27
Q

Condition in which a person has at least two spontaneous seizures >24 hours
apart, caused by underlying chronic pathology

A

epilepsy

28
Q
  • Characterized by loss of consciousness and falling
  • Body stiffens (tonic) with subsequent jerking of extremities (clonic).
  • Cyanosis, excessive salivation, and tongue or cheek biting may occur
A

tonic-clonic seizures

29
Q
  • Occurs only in children and rarely into adolescence
  • May cease or develop into another type
  • Typical symptom is staring spell for only a few seconds and usually goes unnoticed.
A

typical absence seizures

30
Q
  • Postictal phase for tonic–clonic characterized by muscle soreness, fatigue;
    client may sleep for hours
  • May not feel normal for days
  • No memory of seizure
A

grand mall

31
Q
  • Brief loss of consciousness
  • May occur up to 100 times/day if untreated
  • EEG demonstrates pattern unique to this type of seizure.
  • Often precipitated by hyperventilation and flashing lights
A

petit mal

32
Q

characterized by staring spell with other
signs and symptoms
* Brief warnings
* Peculiar behaviour during seizure
* Confusion after

A

atypical absence seizures

33
Q
  • Characterized by sudden, excessive jerk of body and extremities
  • Can be forceful enough to cause fall
  • Brief and may occur in clusters
A

myoclonic seizure

34
Q

involves tonic episode or paroxysmal loss of muscle
tone, and person falls
* Consciousness usually returns by the time person hits ground
and can resume normal activity.
* Great risk for head injury

A

atonic seizure

35
Q

involve sudden onset of decreased exterior muscle tone.
* Clients often fall

A

tonic seizures

36
Q

begin with loss of consciousness and sudden loss of muscle tone.
* Followed by limb jerking

A

clonic seizures

37
Q

Also called cephalgia, it is one of the most common physical complaints

A

headache

38
Q

has no known organic cause and includes migraine,
tension headache, and cluster headache

A

primary headache

39
Q

is a symptom with an organic cause such as a sinus
infection or stroke

A

secondary headache

40
Q

what are the phases of a migraine>

A

prodrome
aura
headache
recovery

41
Q

Can have a devastating effect on health and well-being
* SCI is divided into traumatic (result of external physical impact) and
non-traumatic (result of disease, infection, or tumour) categories

A

spinal cord injuries

42
Q

occurs when ischemia or hemorrhage into the brain results in death of brain cells.
* Functions are lost or impaired.
* Such as movement, sensation, or emotions that were controlled by the affected area
of the brain
* Severity of the loss of function varies according to the location and extent of the brain
involved.

A

stroke

43
Q

what are the types of stroke?

A

ischemic
hemorrhagic

44
Q
  • Disruption of cerebral blood flow due to obstruction of a blood vessel
    (thrombosis)
  • Arteriosclerosis is a common cause
  • Early treatment (within 4.5 hours) with thrombolytic therapy results in fewer
    stroke symptoms and less loss of function
A

ischemic stroke

45
Q

impaired speech

A

dysphasia

46
Q

loss of speech

A

aphasia

47
Q
  • Temporary neurologic deficit resulting from a temporary impairment of blood
    flow
  • Can be a warning of an impending stroke
  • Diagnostic work-up is required to treat and prevent irreversible deficits
A

TIA

48
Q
  • A progressive immune-related demyelination (loss of myelin) disease of the
    CNS
  • Clinical manifestations vary and have different patterns
  • Often, the disease relapses, remits, and exacerbates, and symptoms recur
    including fatigue, weakness, numbness, difficulty in coordination, loss of
    balance, pain, and visual disturbances
A

MS

49
Q
  • Associated with decreased levels of dopamine - this affects the
    neurotransmission of impulses
  • Manifestations: tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability (shuffling gait),
    depression and other psychiatric changes, dementia, and sleep disturbances
A

parkinsons disease

50
Q

Caused by deteriorating nerves that cannot activate your muscles
* Loss of motor neurons cause progressive weakness and atrophy of the
muscles of the extremities and trunk; weakness of the bulbar muscles
impairs swallowing and talking; and respiratory function is also impaired

A

ALS

51
Q
  • A chronic progressive hereditary disease that results in choreiform
    movement and dementia
  • Transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait
A

huntingtons disease

Med-surg nursing II (6 decks)

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