objective 4.4 (1) Flashcards
Drugs that constrict the pupil are known as
miotics
Drugs that dilate the pupil are known as
mydriatics
what are the major drug groups for meds of the eye?
- Antimicrobials
- Anti-inflammatory
- Anesthetics (topical)
- Diagnostic products
- Antiallergics
*Lubricants/Moisturizers - Antiglaucoma agents
what are the indications of antimicrobials of the eyes?
- Treat common infections of the eye caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses
- Used to treat superficial eye infections, prophylaxis against gonorrhea in
newborns
what are the therapeutic effects of antimicrobials of the eye?
- Destroy the invading organism or inhibit growth so body’s immune system can
fight the infection (typically the same as oral forms discussed in 4.1)
what are the adverse effects of antimicrobials of the eyes>
- hypersensitivity or superinfections, inflammation, burning, stinging, urticarial
(advise against prolonged or frequent intermittent use), blurred vision
what are the common antimicrobials for eyes?
- bacitracin (AK-Tracin)
- gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin, Gentacidin)
- Silver nitrate (antiseptic)
what are the MOAs for anti inflammatory drugs of the eyes?
- Corticosteroids: Act to reduce the inflammatory response
- NSAID’s: reduce pain, & erythema
what are the indications of anti inflammatory drugs of the eyes
treat allergic reactions of eye, acute non-infectious inflammatory conditions
(conjunctivitis), also used to prevent rejection of a cornea transplant; also to
treat ocular surgery related pain and inflammation; eye injury (initial stages-
prevent fibrosis and scarring) prior to ocular surgery to prevent or reduce
miosis (pupil constriction)
what are teh adverse effects of anti inflammatory drugs for eyes?
treat allergic reactions of eye, acute non-infectious inflammatory conditions
(conjunctivitis), also used to prevent rejection of a cornea transplant; also to
treat ocular surgery related pain and inflammation; eye injury (initial stages-
prevent fibrosis and scarring) prior to ocular surgery to prevent or reduce
miosis (pupil constriction)
what are the MOAs for anaesthetics of the eyes?
- Prevent pain during surgical procedures and eye exams , including removal of
embedded foreign objects - Short term use
what are the adverse effects of anaesthetics of the eyes>
Rare, usually limited to Local effects (stinging, burning, redness, lacrimation,
and blurred vision), can potentially cause systemic Stimulation
- dilates the pupil (mydriasis) and paralyzes the ciliary muscle (cycloplegic
refraction) which prevent accommodation - Assist in eye exam or to treat uveal tract inflammatory states
aytropine sulfate
Diagnostic dye used to identify corneal defects and locate foreign objects
in the eye.
fluorescein sodium
- Used to treat symptoms of hayfever
- Competes with histamine for receptor sites (Histamine causes the itching and tearing)
antihistamine
olopatadine hydrochloride
- Inhibits release of inflammatory producing mediators from sensitized inflammatory cells called
mast cells. - Helps to reduce the itchy eye symptoms from allergies by stabilizing mast cells
mast cell stabilizers
Cromolyn sodium, nedocromil sodium
- Promotes vasoconstriction of blood vessels in and around the eye. Reduces edema associate with
allergic and inflammatory responses - Used to control redness, burning, and other minor irritations
Visine (Tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride), Clear Eyes (naphazoline)
- Provides lubrication or moisture for the eyes, imitates
natural secretions, isotonic solution - Helpful to pts with dry or irritated eyes., commonly
used among the elderly
Artificial tears, Eye Lube A, Isopto Tears
Treatment of Glaucoma involves reducing Intraocular Pressure (IOP)
by either increasing the drainage of aqueous humour or decreasing
the production
anti-glaucoma agents
what are the indications for miotics?
- Glaucoma (open and closed angle), convergent strabismus (cross eye), Ocular
surgery - Decrease IOP to relieve glaucoma symptoms, constrict pupil after eye exam
what is the action for miotics?
Contract pupil (miosis) in space where aqueous humor flows IOP
what are the adverse effects of miotics?
burning, tearing, brow ache (local); decreased B/P, flushing, GI upset, frequent
urination (systemic)
what are the contraindications of miotics?
eye conditions where constriction may cause problems
what are the indications of mydriatics
Glaucoma & Ocular hypertension, decreases redness, irritation
