Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm > Objective 3 > Flashcards

Objective 3 Flashcards

1
Q

any chemical that affects the physiological processes of a living organism

A

drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Grouped together based on their similar properties

A

drug classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The study or science of drugs

A

pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the subspeciality areas of pharmacology

A

Pharmaceutics,
Pharmacotherapeutics,Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacogenetics,
Pharmacoeconomics, Pharmacognosy, Toxicology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 3 basic phases of pharmacology?

A

pharmaceutics
pharmacokientics
pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Study of how various dosage forms influence the way in which
the drug affects the body

A

pharmaceutics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

must be broken down by gut enzymes and pH
before they are small enough to enter circulatory system to be
transported to site of action

A

oral dosage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

work directly on the surface of the
skin, some must pass through the skin to get into circulations

A

topical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the various oral preparations?

A

Liquids (e.g., elixirs, syrups)
 Suspension solutions
 Powders
 Capsules
 Tablets
 Coated tablets
 Enteric-coated tablets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Study of what the body does to the drug
 Involves absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of
drugs … this will be discussed later in more detail

A

pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Study of what the drug does to the body
 Involves drug receptor relationships, enzyme interactions and
nonselective interactions

A

pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what the body does to the drug, or
what happens to the drug, from the moment it is put into the
body until all components are expelled by the body

A

pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

is the Movement of a drug from site of administration into
bloodstream for distribution to target tissues

A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describes the extent of the drug absorption; how it has
to pass through systems to get to the systemic circulation for use by the
body (% of unchanged drug that makes it into circulation)

A

bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from
the GI tract before the drug reaches the systemic circulation through
bloodstream

A

first pass effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does absorption rate depend on?

A

route
solubility
blood flow
bodily conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

enteral, parenteral, percutaneous

A

route of administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ability of a drug to dissolve

A

solubility of the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

edema, infection, congestion of BV, poor circulation, and poor pumping of heart can affect blood flow

A

blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

influenced by presence/absence of food in stomach, condition of site of adm, & blood flow to area

A

bodily conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Movement of particles from a region of high
concentration to region of low concentration; perfume
in a room; a passive process

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Movement of water (fluid) through a
semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser
solute concentration to an area of greater solute
concentration in an attempt to equalize concentrations
on both sides of the membrane; a passive process

A

osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Movement of a substance through a filter or
through a material that prevents passage of certain
molecules; follows a pressure gradient, with substance
moving from an area of high pressure to low pressure

A

filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Occurs after absorption
refers to the ways in which drugs are
transported by the bloodstream to the site of action.
 Transported first to areas with extensive blood supply
 Circulates via blood and lymphatic system; larger
organs with larger blood supply receive drug faster
(heart, liver, brain and kidneys)
 Areas with smaller blood supply will have a slower
distribution (muscle, fat, & skin)

A

distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

bound to proteins (albumin), pharmacologically inactive

A

bound portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

‘free’, pharmacologically active produces therapeutic effect

A

unbound portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

involves the biochemical alteration of a
drug into any of the following: an inactive metabolite, a more
soluble compound, a more potent metabolite or a less active
metabolite

A

biotransformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Drug is broken down by enzymes via chemical reactions to be
used by the body; an irreversible transformation of parent to
‘child’ compounds
 Usually happens in the liver by means of various complex chemical
reactions (involving P450 enzymes) until they become chemically
inactive aka biotransformation

A

metabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Many drugs can inhibit the breakdown of drugs by chemical enzymes.
Decreases or delays in drug
metabolism can result in accumulation of the drug &prolonged effects
which can lead to drug toxicity

A

enzyme inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

On the other hand, some drugs can stimulate drug metabolism. This can cause decreased pharmacological
effects requiring that the medication be administered more frequently
to achieve the therapeutic response for the patient.

A

enzyme inducers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Process by which inactive chemicals, chemical by products and
waste(metabolites) are removed from the body.
 The kidney is the primary organ responsible but can occur via the GI
tract (with help from the liver; released in the bile out into intestines)
as feces (biliary excretion), exhaled through the lungs and/or
evaporated from the skin during sweating
 Small amounts can even be expelled via the tears, saliva, or breastmilk
 By the time they reach the kidneys they have undergone an extensive
amount of biotransformation (metabolism)
 Important to know how drugs are metabolize and excreted for
monitoring purposes

A

excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

is the time required for serum(blood) drug levels to be reduced
by one-half (50%) during the elimination phase; a measure for the rate
@ which a drug is eliminated from the body

A

half-life

34
Q

refers to the point when the amount of drug removed via
elimination (kidney clearance) is equal to the amount of drug absorbed
with each dose. Once steady-state is reached, there are consistent
levels of drug in the body that correlate with maximum therapeutic
benefits

A

steady state

35
Q

time it takes for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response

A

onset of action

36
Q

The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximal therapeutic
response: reflects increasing drug concentrations at the site of action (levels
start to fall after this as a result of metabolism and excretion).

A

peak effect

37
Q

The length of time the drugs concentration is sufficient
to elicit a therapeutic response (without more doses)

A

duration of action

38
Q

are also used to describe drug concentrations (measured
by drug samples).Time plays a key role in the peak level (highest blood
level concentration) and trough level (lowest blood level) of a drug. If peak
level is too high than toxicity can occur (will discuss further)

A

peak and trough

39
Q

What the drug does to the body (actions of the drug)
 The relationship between drug concentrations and the
pharmacological response Desired Action(actions of the drug

A

pharmacodynamics

40
Q

expected response of the medication

A

desired action

41
Q

what are the 3 different ways that drugs can exert their actions?

A

receptors… drugs act by forming a chemical bond with specific
receptor sites, similar to a lock and key concept.
2. enzymes
3. nonselective interactions

42
Q

drugs act by forming a chemical bond with specific receptor
sites (lock and key)
* Drugs help create a chemical reaction to change or mimic the way the
body acts
* The site of such reaction occurs at the receptor site; a reactive site on the
surface or inside of the cell
* Drug-receptor interaction is the joining of the drug molecule with a
reactive site on the surface of a cell or tissue

A

receptors

43
Q

drugs that attach but produce only a small chemical response

A

partial agonists

44
Q

a drug that attaches and causes no chemical drug response; prevents an agonist from attaching

A

antagonist

45
Q

A drug that attaches and activates the receptor fully causing a similar action as
the body’s own chemicals

A

agonist

46
Q

are substances that catalyze nearly every
biochemical reaction in a cell

A

enzymes

47
Q

occurs when the drug chemically
binds to an enzyme molecule in such a way that it changes
(inhibits or enhances) the way the enzyme interacts with
the normal target molecules

A

drug-enzyme interaction

48
Q

These drugs do not interact with receptors or enzymes.
* Their main targets are cell membranes and various cellular
processes, like metabolism
* These drugs are capable of either physically interfering with or
chemically altering cellular structures or processes. (Eg. Cancer
treatment or even some antibiotics)
* The resulting alteration…. will cause a defect in the final product or
state, leading to cell death (lysis or starvation)

A

nonselective interactions

49
Q

Clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases
 Before any drug therapy is started an end point or expected
outcome of therapy should be established
 The outcome of therapy should be patient specific and
established collaborately (multidisciplinary approach), need
to be clearly defined ,measurable and observable, realistic
and prioritized

A

pharmacotherapeutics

50
Q

intense, utilized with acutely ill patients; to sustain life/treat disease (eg:
chemo for Ca, vasopressors to maintain BP and Cardiac output after open Heart Surgery)

A

acute therapy

51
Q

helps prevent progression of an already existing disease/condition;
treat chronic illnesses (eg: blood pressure medications; birth control)

A

maintence therapy

52
Q

aka replacement; supplies substance in order to maintain normal
function; can’t be made by the body or produced insufficiently (eg: insulin/iron)

A

supplemental therapy

53
Q

comfort upmost importance; provide relief of symptoms exacerbated
by disease/condition; quality of life in end of life care (eg: opioid use in final stages of Ca)

A

palliative therapy

54
Q

maintains body functions during recovery (eg: electrolytes during
dehydration, Use of Blood products after blood loss in surgery)

A

supportive therapy

55
Q

provided to prevent illness or undesirable outcomes during planned
events (eg: vaccines-prophylactic for travel)

A

prophylactic therapy

56
Q

Based on clinical probabilities (antibiotics-prior to result of C&S)

A

empirical therapy

57
Q

ratio of a drug’s toxic level to the level that provides
therapeutic benefits. The safety of a drug is determined by this index

A

therapeutic index

58
Q

decreasing response to repeated drug doses

A

tolerance

59
Q

physiological or psychological need for a drug

A

dependence

60
Q

the physiological need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms (tachycardia,
restlessness)

A

physical dependence

61
Q

is the obsessive desire for the effects of a drug

A

psychological dependence

62
Q

Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing
to administer a prescribed medication

A

adverse drug events

63
Q

what are the 2 most common ADEs?

A

medication errors
adverse drug reactions

64
Q

a compromise in the 10 Rights…so, to
prevent or try to avoid, recall the 7 (10) rights of medication
administration
 MEs occur during prescribing, dispensing, administering or
monitoring of drug therapy

A

medication errors (MEs)

65
Q

are reactions to a drug that is
unexpected and undesirable and occurs at therapeutic drug doses;
may or may not be caused by MEs
* range from mild – life threatening
* may occur after 1st dose, few doses or many doses
* may or may not be caused by a medication error

A

adverse drug reactions

66
Q

what are the four general categories for ADRs?

A

pharmacological
allergic
idiosyncratic
drug interaction

67
Q

is an extension of a drugs
normal effects in the body (ie: lowering BP, but does so
to an extent, the patient becomes hypotensive)
 pharmacological reactions that result in adverse effects
are predictable and well-known, unlikely to result in a
change in management of the patient’s condition
 they have predictable frequency and intensity and are
most often related to the dose

A

pharmacological reaction

68
Q

A drug allergy occurs
because the individual’s immune system views the drug as a
foreign substance or “antigen”.
 The presence of the foreign substance or antigen stimulates
the antigen-antibody response that in turn prompts the body
to produce antibodies.
 If an individual takes the drug after the antigen-antibody
response has occurred, an allergic reaction results.

A

response of the immune system

69
Q

what are the S&S assoicated with an allergic reaction?

A

Hives (urticaria)
 Rashes
 Shortness of breath
 Dyspnea
 Cyanosis
 Wheezing
 Swelling
 Loss of consciousness

70
Q

Strange, unique or unpredictable response; unexpected
 Genetically determined abnormal response to ordinary doses of a
drug
 Usually caused by a deficiency or excess of drug-metabolizing
enzymes
 Usually happens after the 1st administration
 Most often specific to an individual
 Paradoxical response is a type of idiosyncratic response in that
you get reactions that are opposite of what you would expect

A

idiosyncratic

71
Q

When the simultaneous presence of two (or more) drugs in body
produces an unwanted response
 This can be in the form of one drug accentuating, or reducing the
effects of another
 While some drug interactions might have a positive result, the
greater majority will result in harmful effects

A

drug interactions

72
Q

when two drugs with similar actions are given
together; the action of one plus the action of the
other results in the total effect of both drugs being
given

A

additive effects

73
Q

when the action of one drug enhances the effect
of another. The combined effect of the two given
together has a greater effect than the sum of the
effects for each drug given alone

A

synergistic effects

74
Q

effects of one drug counteract or interfere with
the effects of another; the result is less than
the sum of the effects for each drug if given
alone

A

antagonistic effects

75
Q

Used to describe parenteral drugs
 When 2 drugs or solutions are mixed together and the
result is chemical deterioration of one or both of the
drugs.
 Will often see precipitate, haziness or color change.

A

incompatibility

76
Q

Cancer causing effects of drugs, other chemicals, radiation, and viruses.
 Agents that produce theses effects are called Carcinogens

A

carcinogenic

77
Q

A drug that has potential to induce birth defects
 More dangerous during the first trimester (3rd wk-end of 3rd mnth)
 Drugs that are capable of crossing the placenta can cause drug induced teratogenesis

A

teratogenic

78
Q

A drug whose effects are permanent changes in the genetic composition of living organisms and can be
 alterations in chromosome structure
 Chromosome number changes
 Changes in DNA (genetic code)

A

mutagenic

79
Q

Usually related to dose of drug
 Dosage exceeds amount that body can eliminate
 Degree of impairment to body depends on organ/tissue
involved

A

drug toxicity

80
Q

when does drug toxicity occur?

A

Narrow therapeutic margin of safety
 Drug is taken over long period of time
 Overdose (intentional or nonintentional)
 Drug-drug interactions

81
Q

Science of poisons and unwanted responses to
both drugs and chemicals

A

toxicology

Pharm (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions