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Pharm > objective 4.1 > Flashcards

objective 4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

medications that are legally available without a prescription
drugs thought to be safe and effective for people to use without instructions from a health care provider about how to use them

A

nonprescription meds or OTC products

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2
Q

how do nonprescription differ from prescription drugs?

A
  1. Label info more complete, often written in a style easier for consumers
    to understand
    2. Wider margin of safety
    3. Advertised directly to the consumer
    4. Widely available
    5. Dose may be lower than prescription
    6. These products are usually not covered by insurance
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3
Q

can be sold in pharmacies, grocery stores, gas stations etc.
many versions and different names

A

OTC products

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4
Q

what must product labelling include?

A

active ingredients/inactive ingredients
purpose(s)Uses
Storage info
Warnings/ adverse effects
Directions (dosage instructions)
contraindications

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5
Q

what are the most common categories of nonprescription drugs?

A

Laxatives
Peptic acid disorder products ex. antacids
Analgesics
Cough & cold
antihistamines, expectorants, decongestants,
& antitussives
Vaginal antifungals
Smoking cessation products
Topical steroids

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6
Q

what are the advantages of nonprescription drugs?

A

Convenient
Relatively safe
May free up physician’s time

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7
Q

what are the disadvantages of nonprescription drugs?

A

May cause patient’s delay in treatment seeking
Cost due to no insurance coverage
MAY LACK IN PATIENT EDUCATION
Risk of toxicity if not used correctly
Lack of experience/knowledge of consumer re label
Small print on label

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8
Q

what are alternative meds?

A

Herbal therapy
Aromatherapy
Chiropractic Care
Acupuncture
Massage
Homeotherapy

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9
Q

what are complementary meds?

A

Alternative together with standard medical care
“Integrative Practices”

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10
Q

why do ppl take CAM/OTC?

A

Seek products that will keep them in good health, also
think ‘natural’ must be good for you!
Tried regular treatments without success
Undesirable S/E from regular treatments
No known therapy for their problem
Someone shared their experience & successes
Seeking a nonprescription alternative
Regular treatments are in violation of pt’s religious or
spiritual beliefs
Cheaper and no prescription needed (good if no
insurance)

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11
Q

what are examples of natural health products?

A

vitamin and mineral supplements
herbal remedies
homeopathic preparations
traditional Chinese Ayurvedic and other traditional medicines
probiotics
other products such as amino acids and essential fatty acids
numerous consumer products, such as certain toothpastes,
antiperspirants, shampoos, facial products, and mouthwashes.

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12
Q

broad term for oral alternative medicines which include herbal supplements
intended to enhance the diet and includes other essential ingredients
come in various forms (tablets, capsules, softgels, gelcaps, liquids, and
powders); may also be found in nutritional, breakfast, snack, or health food bars;
drinks; and shakes

A

dietary supplement

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13
Q

come from nature & includes leaves, bark, berries, roots, gums, seeds, stems
and flowers of plants
30% of all modern drugs are derived from plants
Aka phytomedicine; increase in demand… inexpensive and have better
cultural acceptability, are reasonably safe and effective, and have advantageous
compatibility and minimal adverse effects

A

herbs

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14
Q

Belief that a disease can be treated by the administration of a microdose of a
substance thought to cause the physical signs of that disease
Thought to stimulate the immune defence

A

homeopathy

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15
Q

Labour induction; reduce menopause symptoms; causes birth defects in
animals

A

blue cohosh

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16
Q

Expectorant, antiulcer; only good in small doses; may cause Na retention
and K+ loss

A

licorice

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17
Q

calming effect, used for anxiety , stress; can lead to possible liver toxicity
May increase the effects of barbiturates & alcohol

A

kava root

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18
Q

Used for allergies, nasal congestion, asthma; possible cardiovascular and
stroke risks

A

ephedra

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19
Q

Reduces menopausal symptoms; some considerations
noted

A

black cohosh

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20
Q

anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, anti-infective
Caution if allergy to ragweed, Produces sedation: caution
with sedatives or alcohol
Increased risk of bleeding with anticoagulants

A

chamomile

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21
Q

Stimulates the immune system
used in treatment or prevention of colds & flu or UTI
Avoid if using hepatotoxic drugs (methotrexate), allergic to ragweed, progressive
autoimmune disorders
Possible interference with or counteraction to immunosuppressant drugs &
antivirals

A

echinacea

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22
Q

Migraine Headaches
Inhibits platelet aggregation
Do not use concurrently with aspirin or warfarin

A

feverfew

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23
Q

May lower BP, and blood lipids
Inhibits platelet aggregation
Do not use with aspirin or warfarin (anticoagulants)
Possible interference with hypoglycemic therapy
Monitor BP

A

garlic

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24
Q

Antiemetic
Inhibits platelet aggregation
Do not use concurrently with aspirin or warfarin
At high doses possible interference with cardiac, antidiabetic and
anticoagulant drugs

A

ginger

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25
Q

Antidepressant, not to be used with other
antidepressants
Numerous potential drug interactions results in
decrease concentrations of many drugs
May lead to serotonin syndrome if used with
serotonergic drugs

A

st john’s wort

26
Q

Used in AD, Improves blood flow to brain and
extremities, improves brain tissue tolerance to
hypoxia, alleviates vertigo and ringing in ears, may
slow dementia
Need to monitor for signs of bleeding, Avoid with pts
with bleeding disorders, or if taking antiplatelet or
anticoagulant agents

A

ginkgo biloba

27
Q

used for urinary symptoms associated with an enlarged
prostate gland (also called benign prostatic hyperplasia or
BPH), as well as for chronic pelvic pain, decreased sex drive,
migraine, & hair loss
May Change the effects of hormones in oral contraceptive
drugs, patches or hormonal replacement therapies

A

saw palmetto

28
Q

Essential oils extracted from various parts of a plant, used to
promote health and well being
Some believe they can fight bacteria, viruses, bacterial toxins and
fungi
Thought to work by triggering hormones that govern bodily
functions
Molecules attached to O2 molecules in the lungs and circulate
through the body
Little research available
Oils should never be swallowed or applied near the eyes
Sage, DoTerra

A

aromatherapy

29
Q

From cow cartilage
Eases aches & pains & Rebuilds cartilage

A

chondroitin

30
Q

From oyster shells
Eases aches and pains, prevents collagen degeneration,
rebuilds cartilage

A

glucosamine

31
Q

Pineal glands of cows
Used for jet lag, menopause, ADHD, autism spectrum; regulates
hormones and circadian rhythm
Sleep and anti-aging remedy
May inhibit sex drive in men

A

melatonin

32
Q

organic molecules needed in small amts for metabolism and
other biochemical functions like growth and tissue repair in the body

A

vitamins

33
Q

are of equal importance-are inorganic elements found
naturally in the earth

A

minerals

34
Q

are catalysts that stimulate chemical changes in
other products. Vitamins and minerals enhance the function of
enzymes, and are considered to be coenzymes.

A

enzymes

35
Q

Organic molecules needed in small quantities for normal
metabolism and other biochemical functions such as growth and
repair of tissue
Need them in specific amounts daily
Can come from plant and animal food sources

A

vitamins

36
Q

Not readily excreted in the urine and are stored
in the body; daily ingestion not req’d
Dissolvable in fat

A

fat-soluble vitamins

37
Q

what are fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

38
Q

what do fat-soluble share?

A

Found in plant and animal food (table 9.2)
Stored primarily in the liver
Have a slower metabolism
Excreted via feces
Can reach toxic levels aka hypervitaminosis if
excessive amounts are taken

39
Q

needs to be taken in from an outside source

A

exogenous

40
Q

From animal fats (liver, fats, eggs, fish liver oils) and carotenes
(found in plants- green and yellow vegs. & yellow fruit)
Essential for night and
normal vision, Aids in cholesterol and steroid synthesis, Normal cell
growth and differentiation
Normal diet provides sufficient amount, may be used
to satisfy normal body requirements or an increased demand in
infants/ pregnancy
Contraindications: known allergies to vitamin products or known
current state of hypervitaminosis, excess amounts in pregnancy can
be teratogenic

A

vitamin A

41
Q

Obtained from both endogenous synthesis and consumption of vit D2
containing foods (fish oils, salmon, sardines, herring, fortified milk,
bread, ceral and animal livers tuna, eggs and butter)
Mechanism of Action & Drug Effects: aids in regulation of calcium
absorption and in utilization of calcium and phosphorus in the body;
Derived from plants, UV light
Indications: Used for supplementation, treatment of deficiency;
Rickets is a vitamin D deficiency state; prevention of osteoporosis
Contraindications: kidney insufficiencies, hyperphosphatemia,
hypercalcemia

A

vitamin D

42
Q

Made up of tocopherols
Come from plant and animal sources
Mechanism of Action & Drug Effects: Antioxidant and
essential to diet, believed to protect polyunsaturated fatty
acids, a component of cellular membranes
Indications: premature infants at greatest risk of
complications from deficiency, helps decrease the damage
caused by free radicals in the body, protection from UV
radiation
Contraindications: allergy

A

vitamin E

43
Q

Synthesized by the intestinal flora (endogenous supply)
Mechanism of Action & Drug Effects: essential for blood
clotting, Deficiency is rare
Indications: deficiency states, Deficiency states can be seen in
newborns due to malabsorption because of decreased bile; given
an IM injection on admission to nursery, used to reverse excessive
anticoagulation if the patient has evidence of bleeding, used to
reverse warfarin effects
Containdications: Allergy

A

vitamin K

44
Q

include the B complex vitamins and Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Plant and animal food sources
Dissolvable in water
Not stored in the body
Excreted via urine

A

water-soluble vitamins

45
Q

Can result in beriberi or Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Can be caused by poor diet, extended fever, hyperthyroidism, liver disease,
alcoholism, malabsorption and pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Normal serum levels 0.75-222 nmol/L
Mechanism of Actions & Drug Effects: required for carbohydrate metabolism
& other metabolic pathways, plays important role in GI, Cardio and PNS
Indications: treatment of metabolic disorders, deficiency state, used as dietary
supplement to prevent or treat deficiency in cases of malabsorption (induced by
alcoholism, cirrhosis, or GI disease)
Adverse Effects: Rare but hypersensitivity, nausea, restlessness, pulmonary
edema, cyanosis, cardiovascular collapse can occur

A

vitamin B1

46
Q

Deficiency results in cutaneous, oral and corneal changes
Essential for tissue respiration (release of energy)
Mechanism of Action & Drug effects: important for tissue respiration, & in carbohydrate catabolism, Vit B6 needs this vit for activation, needed for RBC maintenance
Indications: Deficiency rare though can occur in those with long standing infections, liver disease, chronic infections, alcoholism or malignancy and those taking probenecid, can be used to treat acne, anemia, migraine headaches
Adverse Effects: safe & effective, no adverse effects reported , Can discolor urine to yellow-orange in large doses

A

vitamin B2

47
Q

A dietary deficiency will produce symptoms known as pellagra; include various psychotic disorders, crusting erythema and desquamation of the skin, diarrhea, inflammation of mucosa
Mechanism of Action & Drug Effects: Needed for tissue respiration and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, protein and lipids (fig 9.1)
Indications: prevention & Treatment of pellagra, Can be used for certain types of dyslipidemia, beneficial effect in peripheral Vascular disease
Contraindications: liver disease, severe hypotension, arterial hemorrhage and active peptic ulcer disease

A

vitamin B3

48
Q

Deficiency can lead to Anemia (sideroblastic anemia), Neurological disturbances, seborrheic Dermatitis, Convulsions
Vit B6 deficiency can be caused by uremia, alcoholism, cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, malabsorption syndromes and heart failure
Mechanisms of Action & Drug Effects: necessary for many metabolic functions in the body such as protein, carbohydrate and lipid utilization
Indications: Treat deficiency, seizures unresponsive to normal therapy, morning sickness during pregnancy and metabolic disorders may respond to B6 therapy

A

vitamin B6

49
Q

Important for fat and carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis, growth, cell replication, hematopoiesis and nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis
Mechanism of Actions & Drug Effects: oral absorption of B12 requires the presence of an intrinsic factor (glycoprotein secreted by gastric parietal cells) A complex is then formed which is absorbed by the intestines Fig 9.3
Contrainidications: drug allergy, sensitivity to chemical element cobalt
Indications: deficiency states Caused by malabsorption or poor dietary intake

A

vitamin B12

50
Q

Deficiency can result in scurvy; characterized by weakness, edema, gingivitis and bleeding gums, loss of teeth, anemia, subcutaneous hemorrhage, bone lesions, delayed healing of soft tissues and bones and hardening of leg muscles
Mechanism of Actions & drug Effects: very important for metabolic activities within the body, including collagen syntheses & maintenacnce of connectoive tissue; tissue repair, maintenacen of bones, teeth and capillaries and folic acid metabolism, Essential for erythropoiesis, enhances iron absorption
Adverse Effects: megadoses produce nausea, vomiting headache and abdominal cramps and will acidify urine

A

vitamin C

51
Q

Essential nutrients… act as building blocks for many body structures and thus are necessary for a variety of physiological functions.
needed for intra­cellular and extracellular body fluid electrolytes
Minerals are necessary for muscle contraction and nerve transmission and are required components of essential enzymes.
Elements that are required in larger amounts are called macrominerals; those required in smaller amounts are called microminerals or trace elements

A

minerals

52
Q

is the most abundant mineral element in the human body (2% of body weight)
Highest concentration is in bones and teeth
Reduces risk of osteoporosis
> 50 yrs should have 1200 mg/daily
Fortified OJ is one of the best sources as well as milk & dairy products, fortified cereals and salmon & sardines!
Best if taken with food; requires Vit D for efficient absorption
_______ products bind with tetracyclines, making the antibiotic inactive.

A

calcium

53
Q

is one of the principal cations present in the intracellular fluid
essential part of many enzyme systems associated with energy metabolism
It is required for muscle contraction and nerve function.
used for treatment of magnesium deficiency and as a nutritional supplement in TPN and multivitamin preparations. Also given to prevent preterm labor and as an anticonvulsant in magnesium deficiency induced seizures, management of cardiac dysthymias, and treatment of constipation

A

magnesium

54
Q

Essetnail for proper function of all biological systems (stored in many sites throughout the body- spleen, liver, bone marrow)
Woman and Children most likely to develop anemias- require the highest amt of iron
Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, which is required for transport of oxygen
Dietary sources include: meats vegtables, grains beans, dried fruits, and eggs. Orange juice can assist in absorption
Should not be taken with calcium
Constipating

A

iron

55
Q

Is a water souble B complex vitamin
Dietary sources include: dried beans, peas, oranges and green vegs.
Essentail for normal erythroposis
Protects against neural tube defects in the developing fetus (recommended to start taking 1 month before pregnancy)
Taking with vit B6 and B12 can help decrease risk of heart disease

A

folic acid

56
Q

Effects can be felt within seconds to minutes of smoking, vaporizing or dabbing cannabis. These effects can last up to 24 hours.
If you eat or drink cannabis, these effects can occur within 30 minutes to 2 hours and can last up to 24 hours

A

medical cannabis

57
Q

Cannabis contains hundreds of chemical substances, known as cannabinoids. Cannabinoids have effects on cell receptors in the brain and body; and can change how those cells behave and communicate with each other.

A

cannabis sativa

58
Q

responsible for the way your brain and body respond to cannabis, including the high and intoxication.

A

THC

59
Q

is another cannabinoid, but does not produce a high or intoxication

A

cannabidiol CBD

60
Q

Some of the short-term effects on your brain from cannabis can include what?

A

confusion
sleepiness (fatigue)
impaired ability to:
◦remember
◦concentrate
◦pay attention
◦react quickly
anxiety, fear or panic
Short term effects on your body can also include:
if smoking, damaged blood vessels caused by the smoke
decrease B/P and an increase HR

61
Q

Long-term cannabis use can harm your…?

A

memory
concentration
intelligence
ability to think and make decisions

62
Q

what are the uses of medical cannabis?

A

Relieving symptoms and side effects of cancer treatments
Pain a/w cancer progression and treatments
Loss of appetite a/w cancer treatments
Nausea and vomiting, again a/w cancer progression and treatments
PTSD (FDA approved)
Childhood epilepsy (FDA approved)
72 controlled clinical studies evaluating the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids, present an interesting therapeutic potential as anti-emetics, appetite stimulants in debilitating diseases (cancer and AIDS), analgesics, and in the treatment of MS, SCIs, Tourette’s syndrome (TS), epilepsy, and glaucoma (See Table 5 from link)
Palliative care

Pharm (10 decks)

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