Object and Scene Perception

Question 1

ventral pathway

Answer 1

The ventral stream (also known as the “what pathway”) is involved with object and visual identification and recognition

Question 2

Dorsal pathway

Answer 2

The dorsal stream (or, “where pathway”) is involved with processing the object’s spatial location relative to the viewer and with speech repetition.

Question 3

Prototypical views

Answer 3

Palmer argued that a relatively small set (about 6) of prototypical views would be sufficient to recognise an object from almost any viewpoint.

Question 4

machine vision

Answer 4

Machine perception is the capability of a computer system to interpret data in a manner that is similar to the way humans use their senses to relate to the world around them. The basic method that the computers take in and respond to their environment is through the attached hardware.

Question 5

visual search

Answer 5

If the target is very salient or distinctive, the amount of distracters does not matter (pop-out/parallel)

if the target is similar to the distracters, participants keep searching

Question 6

Attentional blink

Answer 6

the rapid serial visual presentation consists of presentation of items in the same location in fast succession

Question 7

the inverse projection problem

Answer 7

Light from an object is inverted as it falls on the retina. The same pattern of light could be caused by an infinite number of different objects, yet our brains usually manage to make the correct interpretation. This is known as the inverse projection problem

Question 8

figure ground perception

Answer 8

determining what part of environment is the figure s that it stands out from background

Question 9

Irvings Biedermans Geons

Answer 9

Geons are the simple 2D or 3D forms such as cylinders, bricks, wedges, cones, circles and rectangles corresponding to the simple parts of an object in Biederman’s recognition-by-components theory. The theory proposes that the visual input is matched against structural representations of objects in the brain.

Geons are invariant

Question 10

oblique effect

Answer 10

people perceive horizontals and vertical more easily than other orientations

Question 11

semantic regularities

Answer 11

palmer object identification in scenes

observers saw a context scene flashed briefly, followed by a target picture

results showed that:
targets congruent with the context were identified 80% of the time

targets that were incongruent were only identified 40% of the time

Question 12

problems with building machine vision

Answer 12

stimulus on the receptors ambiguous - inverse projection problem

objects can be hidden or blurred

objects can look different from different viewpoints - viewpoint invariance

Question 13

bottom-up processing

Answer 13

processing starting with environmental stimulus

Question 14

top-down processing

Answer 14

processing that starts with the brain

Question 15

speech segmentation

Answer 15

spanish person vs english person listening to spinish- separate words

Question 16

pain relief

Answer 16

ww2 soldiers

placebo

Question 17

top down processing examples

Answer 17

perception of the blob

speech segmentation

pain relief - expectation and attention

Question 18

likelihood principle

Helmholtz

Answer 18

perceive the most likely scenario

unconscious inference

Question 19

gestalt psychologists

Answer 19

rejects Wundt’s idea that perception was made up ‘adding up’ sensations

the whole is different to the sum of its parts.

Question 20

principle of good continuation

Answer 20

points that can be connected by smooth or straight line

continuing behind overlapping object

olympic circles (principle of similarity) /rope

Question 21

regularities of the environment

Answer 21

physical regularities

light from above

semantic regularities

Question 22

bayesian perception

Answer 22

name after thomas bayes

inference base on:

1) prior probability
2) likelihood of evidence being consistent