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Bsc Sports Biochemistry (year 1) > Obesity (Causes and Effects) > Flashcards

Obesity (Causes and Effects) Flashcards

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1
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - obesity

A

obesity is the condition in which excess fat gas accumulated in the body

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2
Q

Obesity can also be defined as …

A

BMI = BW (Kg) / Height (m^2)

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3
Q

state 4 ranges of BMI (from normal up)

A
  1. normal range = 20 - 25 Kg/m^2
  2. grade 1 obesity = 25 - 30 Kg/m^2
  3. grade 2 obesity = 30 - 40 Kg/m^2
  4. grade 3 obesity = 40+ Kg/m^2
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4
Q

state the 3 main causes of obesity

A
  1. genetic disorders (rare)
  2. pathological conditions
  3. Increased food consumption and decreased energy expenditure
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5
Q

what is the main hormone concerned with appetite regulation ?

A

Leptin

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6
Q

what is leptin ?

A

a 167 amino acid chain protein

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7
Q

what is the gene which codes for leptin ?

A

Ob gene

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8
Q

talk about mutations of the Ob gene (2 facts)

A
  1. mutated ob genes don’t produce / produce very little leptin
  2. homozygous mutations (ob/ob) do not become satiated after a meal and develop obesity and diabetes
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9
Q

explain how leptin regulates appetite (4 points)

A
  1. adipocytes produce and release leptin into blood
  2. binds to leptin receptor in the ‘feeding centre’ in the ‘hypothalamus’
  3. decreases neuropeptide Y (NPY) - a 36 amino acid protein
  4. decreased NPY causes: 1) increased energy expenditure, and 2) decreased food intake
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10
Q

what is ‘Cushing’s Disease’ ?

A

Cushing’s disease is a pathological disease associated with obesity

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11
Q

state 3 symptoms of Cushing’s disease

A
  1. psychiatric effects
  2. fat trunk / abdomen
  3. muscle wasting and weakness
  4. moon face
  5. striae (stretch marks on the abdomen)
  6. diabetes
  7. thin extremities
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12
Q

state the 2 causes of Cushing’s disease

A
  1. a pituitary adenoma (benign tumour of the epithelial origin)
  2. adrenal tumour
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13
Q

state the two types of pituitary adenomas (benign tumour of the epithelial origin)

A
  1. micro-adenoma = < 10 mm

2. macro-adenoma = > 10 mm

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14
Q

what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex ?

A
  1. zona glomerulosa (outer layer)
  2. zona fasciculata (middle layer)
  3. zona reticularis (inner layer)
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15
Q

what 3 things does the adrenal cortex secrete ?

A
  1. glucocorticoids
  2. sex steroids
  3. mineralocorticoids
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16
Q

what does the medulla secrete ?

A

catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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17
Q

briefly explain what the ‘hypopituitary-adrenal axis’ is

A

anterior pituitary gland secreted ACTH, stimulates cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex, inhibits ACTH secretion - negative feedback mechanism

18
Q

state the 4 clinical presentations of Cushing’s disease

A
  1. obesity
  2. headaches
  3. visual field deficits
  4. hypercortisolaemia
19
Q

what causes headaches in Cushing’s disease ?

A

due to stretching of the dura mater (meninges - surround the brain and the spinal column)

20
Q

what are the 3 layers of the dura matter ?

A
  1. dura (outer layer)
  2. arachnoid (middle layer)
  3. pia (inner layer)
21
Q

explain how ‘visual field deficits’ occur in Cushing’s disease (2 points)

A
  1. bi-temporal hemianopia

2. pituitary gland sits below optic chiasma. swelling of adenoma causes reduced peripheral vision

22
Q

what is hemianopia ?

A

hemianopia = absence of half of the normal field of vision

23
Q

explain the 3 effects of ‘hypercortisolaemia’ in Cushing’s disease

A
  1. increased gluconeogenesis
  2. redistributes body fat (mechanism unknown)
  3. causes muscle wasting
24
Q

Cushing’s-like symptoms can be known to be iatrogenic. what does iatrogenic mean ?

A

iatrogenic - condition resulting from treatment with unforeseen side effects

25
Q

state 3 obesity health risks

A
  1. increased risk of death from surgery
  2. insulin resistance and diabetes
  3. coronary heart disease (CHD)
  4. gallstones
  5. arthritis
  6. varicose veins and haemorrhoids
26
Q

state 3 reasons to why those with obesity have an increased risk of death during surgery

A
  1. surgery takes longer
  2. anaesthesia more difficult to control (veins aren’t visible, anaesthetic soluble in fat)
  3. obese people have reduced lung function due to inc^ adipose tissue in the thoracic cavity (can dec^ by approx. 60%)
27
Q

explain how those who have obesity are more likely to develop insulin resistance and diabetes

A

fatty acid increase causes a decrease in glucose uptake in muscle and decreases glucose utilisation

28
Q

what is insulin resistance ?

A

insulin resistance = the inability of cells to respond to insulin

29
Q

explain why those who have obesity are more likely to develop arthritis

A

increased weight bearing load on the hips and knees (weight bearing joints)

30
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - haemorrhoids

A

the enlargement of the normal spongy blood-filled cushions around the anus

31
Q

state the 2 causes of haemorrhoids

A
  1. increased intra abdominal pressure

2. decreased fibre intake (increases the strain of deification)

32
Q

haemorrhoids are divided into what 3 things ?

A
  1. 1st class bleeding at the end of defecation
  2. 2nd protrude and return
  3. 3rd remain outside
33
Q

state the 2 main treatments for haemorrhoids

A
  1. if bleeding persists, inject an irritant fluid so the anus shrivels up
  2. application of elastic bands or surgery
34
Q

what two types of cells are located in the anterior pituitary glands ?

A
  1. Basophilic cells

2. Acidophilic cells

35
Q

what 4 hormones are produced by Basophilic cells ?

A

FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH

36
Q

what two hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary gland ?

A

oxytocin, vasopressin

37
Q

what 2 hormones are produced by the Acidophilic cells ?

A

GH, Prolactin

38
Q

decreased lung function due to obesity can lead to infections. state 2 examples

A
  1. bronchitis

2. pneumonia

39
Q

what type of glucose transporter is insulin sensitive ?

A

GLUT 4

40
Q

what are glucose transporters called ?

A

GLUTS

Bsc Sports Biochemistry (year 1) (12 decks)

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