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Bsc Sports Biochemistry (year 1) > Malnutrition > Flashcards

Malnutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

state the 7 components of the diet

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. fats/lipids
  3. proteins
  4. vitamins
  5. minerals
  6. water
  7. fibre (roughly undigestible part of the diet)
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2
Q

what are the chemical constituents of carbohydrates?

A

CH2O (eg - C6H12O6)

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3
Q

state 3 functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. provide a source of energy
  2. protein sparer
  3. can be stored in times of excess
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4
Q

what are the components of fats/lipids ?

A

C,H, and O

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5
Q

state 4 functions of fats/lipids

A
  1. provide heat and energy
  2. transport fat soluble vitamins
  3. necessary for the formation of nerve sheaths
  4. necessary for the formation of bile
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6
Q

what are the components of proteins?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

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7
Q

what is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids ?

A

essential amino acids must be derived from food whereas non-essential amino acids can be produced in the body

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8
Q

what are 1st and 2nd class proteins ?

A

1st class proteins contain all the essential amino acids whereas 2nd class proteins don’t contain all the essential amino acids (vegetable origin)

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9
Q

state 3 functions of proteins

A
  1. formation of cells, growth and repair
  2. synthesis of hormones
  3. synthesis of plasma proteins
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10
Q

what are minerals ?

A

minerals are inorganic compounds required in small quantities by the body for every day life

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11
Q

what percentage of 1) female and 2) male body weights is made up of water ?

A
  1. female = 50 %

2. male = 60 %

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12
Q

state 3 functions of water

A
  1. regulation of body temperature (eg - sweat evaporation)
  2. major component of blood tissue fluid
  3. contributes to the formation of faeces and urine
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13
Q

what is fibre ?

A

fibre is the roughly undigestible part of the diet (eg - cellulose of fruit)

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14
Q

state 2 functions of fibre

A
  1. adds bulk to the diet

2. stimulates peristalsis and bowel movements

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15
Q

what are vitamins ?

A

vitamins are chemical compounds essential for life, and are widely distributed in foods

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16
Q

what are the two types of vitamins ?

A
  1. water soluble (B group and C)

2. fat soluble (ADEK)

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17
Q

what are the two types of malnutrition ?

A
  1. food deprivation (protein energy malnutrition)

2. psychiatric (anorexia nervosa, elderly - dementia or living in isolation)

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18
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - kwashiorkor

A

kwashiorkor is malnutrition due to a diet deficiency in protein

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19
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - cachexia

A

cachexia is a condition of abnormally low weight and is associated with chronic disease (eg - cancer, AIDS, TB)

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20
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Phthisis

A

Phthisis is any disease resulting in the wasting of tissue

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21
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Marasmus

A

Marasmus is severe wasting of tissue in infants

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22
Q

what are kwashiorkor, cachexia, phthisis and marasmus all ?

A

all examples of syndromes (a combination of signs or symptoms from a distinct clinical condition)

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23
Q

what is kwashiorkor also known as ?

A

‘oedematous malnutrition’ - as it’s associated with oedema (fluid retention)

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24
Q

what does kwashiorkor mean ?

A

kwashiorkor is Ghanaian for ‘child displaced from the breast’ (when second child was born, first no longer got breast fed and so became protein deficient)

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25
Q

who discovered and when was kwashiorkor discovered

A

Cicely Williams, 1993

26
Q

what is kwashiorkor characterised by ? (6 things)

A
  1. oedema
  2. diarrhoea
  3. potbelly
  4. changes in hair and nails
  5. desquamating skin rash
  6. decrease in linear growth
27
Q

explain the mechanism of oedema (3 steps)

A
  1. decreased protein intake
  2. decreased amino acid availability for protein synthesis
  3. decreased albumin production by the liver
28
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - oedema

A

oedema is defined as excessive accumulation of fluid in the body tissue (AKA - dropsy)

29
Q

what can oedema also be termed ?

A

‘pitting’

30
Q

general oedema can occur in what 3 places ?

A
  1. within the chest cavity (pleural effusions)
  2. abdomen (ascites)
  3. within air spaces (pulmonary oedema)
31
Q

state, and explain, the 2 functions of albumin

A
  1. carries molecule (eg - for fatty acids)

2. maintains osmotic pressure (decreased albumin in blood vessels, H2O exits into the interstitial fluid)

32
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - diarrhoea

A

diarrhoea is defined as bowel movements of excessive liquidity, volume and frequency

33
Q

what are the 3 types of diarrhoea ?

A
  1. osmotic (orbital - retains water)
  2. secretory (enterotoxin)
  3. malabsorptive
34
Q

explain malabsorptive diarrhoea (2 facts)

A
  1. decreased ability to absorb nutrients due to a reduction in digestive enzymes (pancreas) and reduction of absorption (intestines)
  2. partially digested food enters the large intestine which is a stimulus for diarrhoea
35
Q

the pancreas has 2 distinct functions. state, and briefly explain, what these two functions are

A
  1. endocrine functions - the production of hormones
  2. exocrine functions - the production of digestive enzymes (dec^ causes dec^ in ability to digest food = partially digested food)
36
Q

what is potbelly ?

A

an enlarged stomach (fat stores increased) due to hepatomegaly (an enlarged liver)

37
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - hepatomegaly (2 points)

A
  1. hepatomegaly is an enlarged liver bigger than what is usually should be as it becomes fatty
  2. don’t know why it occurs in kwashiorkor, the mechanism is not known
38
Q

what is the effect on hair and nails in kwashiorkor ?

A
  1. hair - changes colour and becomes easier to pluck

2. nails - finger clubbing (when nails curve around the finger tips)

39
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - desquamating skin rash (kwashiorkor)

A

a desquamating skin rash is where the outer layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum) of the skin is removed by scaling

40
Q

where does the term ‘cachexia’ originate from ?

A

from the Greek words ‘Kakos’ (bad) and ‘Hexis’ (condition)

41
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - cachexia

A

cachexia is a condition characterised by abnormally low weight and is associated with chronic disease (eg - pulmonary TB, cancer)

42
Q

what proportion of cancer-related deaths are due to cachexia ?

A

approximately 30 % of cancer related deaths are due to cachexia (particularly lung, stomach, pancreas, oesophageal)

43
Q

what is the mechanism of cachexia ?

A

hyper-catabolism (breakdown) of lipids and proteins and converted them into energy

44
Q

what is cachexia mediated by ?

A

cachexia is mediated by cytokines (hormone like substances that act in a paracrine fashion to mediate immune responses)

45
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - paracrine

A

has an effect on neighbouring cells

46
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - autocrine

A

has an effect on the cell that produced it

47
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - endocrine

A

has an effect on a site distant from the cell that produced it

48
Q

what is an issue if children develop kwashiorkor ?

A

may not develop properly and may remain stunted for the rest of their lives

49
Q

there are serious complications of kwashiorkor treatments are delayed. state some of these complications

A
  1. coma
  2. shock
  3. permanent physical and mental disabilities
50
Q

if left untreated, what can the effects of kwashiorkor be ?

A

can lead to organ failure and premature death

51
Q

what occurs if your doctor suspects kwashiorkor ? (2 things)

A
  1. examine you for an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and swelling
  2. blood and urine tests may be ordered to measure the levels of proteins and sugars in the blood
52
Q

what further tests may be required for kwashiorkor ? (state 2)

A
  1. arterial blood gases
  2. blood urine nitrogen (BUN)
  3. blood levels of creatinine
  4. blood levels of potassium
  5. urinalysis
  6. complete blood count (CBC)
53
Q

explain the kwashiorkor treatment process (4 things)

A
  1. first, introduce calories from carbs, sugars and fats
  2. then, after time, introduce foods with proteins
  3. foods and calories increased slowly as need time to adjust as have been without proper nutrition for some time
  4. doctor nay also recommend LT vitamin and mineral supplementation into your diet
54
Q

what is it termed when oedema is located in the chest cavity ?

A

pleural effusions

55
Q

what is it termed when oedema is located in the abdomen ?

A

ascites

56
Q

what is it termed when oedema is located in air spaces ?

A

pulmonary oedema

57
Q

state 5 additional cells in the small intestine, and their roles

(ESPGP)

A
  1. enteroendocrine cells - produce hormones
  2. stem cells - self replenishment and differentiation
  3. Paneth cells - produce lysozymes
  4. goblet cells - produce mucus
  5. pit cells - unknown, believed to produce prostaglandins/eicosanoids
58
Q

what are the two types of exocrine cells found in the pancreas, and what are their functions ?

A
  1. acinar cells - produce digestive enzymes

2. ductal cells - transport the digestive enzymes to the intestine

59
Q

state the names of, and the functions of, the 5 endocrine cell types in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

A
  1. alpha cells - produce glucagon
  2. beta cells - produce insulin
  3. delta cells - produce somatostatin
  4. pancreatic polypeptide cells - secretes PPY
  5. epsilon cells - produce ghrelin
60
Q

state the two functions of mucus in the intestines

A
  1. protects intestinal line from acidic contents entering from the stomach
  2. lubricates the movement of food through the intestines
61
Q

how are stem cells impacted within someone who suffers from kwashiorkor ? (3 points)

A
  1. less amino acids
  2. intestines become flatter due to less replacement of dead/injured cells
  3. decreases SA for absorption
62
Q

what is the outer layer of the epidermis, which is removed by scaling, called ?

A

the ‘stratum corneum’

Bsc Sports Biochemistry (year 1) (12 decks)

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