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Bsc Sports Biochemistry (year 1) > Glucose Uptake and Exercise (LOIL1) > Flashcards

Glucose Uptake and Exercise (LOIL1) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 questions about how we keep the human alive ?

A
  1. how to break down the nutrients and extract the energy to maintain cellular functions ?
  2. how to store the energy and maintain the cell structures ?
  3. how to transport the molecules in and out of there cell ?
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2
Q

what can move via passive diffusion ?

A
  1. small non-polar ions
  2. hydrophobic molecules (such as steroid hormones)
  3. water (to some degree)
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3
Q

what are ‘Solute Carrier (SLC ) Transporters’ ?

A

the largest group of transporters classified into 65 different gene families with 458 different transporters in humans

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4
Q

SLC transport what 6 things?

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. amino acids
  3. fatty acids
  4. vitamins
  5. neurotransmitters
  6. inorganic/metal ions
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5
Q

what can SLC inhibitors be used for ?

A

SLC inhibitors can be used as drugs for the treatment od diseases (eg - SLC5A2 for hyperglycaemia)

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6
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - symporter

A

a symporter is a transporter which co-transports molecules in the same direction

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7
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - antiporter

A

an antiporter is a transporter which co-transports molecules in opposite directions

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8
Q

state 7 examples of SLC transporters

A
  1. facilitated transporter
  2. antiporter
  3. symporter
  4. orphan transport
  5. rocker switch
  6. gated pore
  7. elevator
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9
Q

transporter kinetics law = ?

A

transporter kinetics law = enzymes kinetic laws

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10
Q

what are the 2 kinetics laws you need to remember for transporters ?

A
  1. affinity of the transporter for its substrate = Km (Michaelis constant)
  2. velocity of the substrate across the CSM = Vmax (maximum rate of reaction)
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11
Q

state the 3 types of transport inhibition

A
  1. competitive
  2. non-competitive
  3. allosteric
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12
Q

how is glucose transported across cell membranes (2 ways)

A
  1. secondary active transport

2. facilitated diffusion

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13
Q

the mode of glucose transport across a CSM depends upon what ?

A

depends upon the concentration of glucose within the interstitial fluid

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14
Q

both modes of glucose transport are performed by SLC transporters, but from different families. state the 2 transporters used

A
  1. SLC2 family - facilitated diffusion

2. SLC5 family - secondary active transport

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15
Q

what family is the following transporter part of - sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT)

A

SLC5 family

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16
Q

state the names of the 2 SGLT’s (sodium-glucose co-transporter)

A
  1. SGLT1

2. SGLT2

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17
Q

state 3 facts about SGLT’s (sodium-glucose co-transporters)

A
  1. they require the electrochemical gradient of Na+ to transport glucose against its concentration gradient
  2. SGLT are secondary active transport transporters
  3. they require ATP (energy) and Na+/K+ ATPase in order to function
18
Q

state 1 fact about - ‘Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter (SGLT) function’

A

they are exclusively present in tissues responsible for absorption/reabsorption of glucose from nutrients (small intestine SGLT1) or from urine (kidney SGLT2/SGLT1)

19
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - SGLT2 inhibitors

A

SGLT2 inhibitors are a new therapeutic drug for glucose control in people with diabetes (T2D and T1D)

20
Q

state the two families that the following transporter belongs to - ‘Facilitative Glucose Transporters (GLUT1) family’

A
  1. Solute Carrier Gene Family (SLC2a)

2. Major Facilitators Family (MFS) - which contains more than 500 members

21
Q

state the 5 types of class 1 Facilitative Glucose Transporters

A
  1. GLUT 1
  2. GLUT 2
  3. GLUT 3
  4. GLUT 4
  5. GLUT 14
22
Q

state the 4 types of class 2 Facilitative Glucose Transporters

A
  1. GLUT 5
  2. GLUT 7
  3. GLUT 9
  4. GLUT 11
23
Q

state the 5 types of class 3 Facilitative Glucose Transporters

A
  1. GLUT 6
  2. GLUT 8
  3. GLUT 10
  4. GLUT 12
  5. HMIT (GLUT 13)
24
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - GLUT 1

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A
  1. ubiquitous, red cells
  2. N/A
  3. glucose, galactose
25
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - GLUT 14

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A
  1. neurones
  2. N/A
  3. glucose, galactose
26
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - GLUT 4

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A
  1. fat, muscle
  2. trafficking - regulated by insulin (LL motif)
  3. glucose
27
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - GLUT 2

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A
  1. intestine, liver, kidney, Beta cell
  2. mediates both uptake and efflux
  3. glucose, galactose, fructose
28
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - GLUT 5

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A
  1. intestine, sperm
  2. found primarily in fructose metabolising tissue
  3. fructose, glucose
29
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - GLUT 7

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A
  1. intestine
  2. apical membrane targeting
  3. glucose, fructose
30
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - GLUT 9a/9b

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A
  1. kidney BLM
  2. liver expression co-localises with GLUT2, but not kidney
  3. glucose, fructose
31
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - GLUT 11

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A
  1. muscle, heart, fat, placenta, kidney, pancreas
  2. 3 isoforms (A, B and C)
  3. glucose, fructose
32
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - GLUT 6/9

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A
  1. brain, spleen
  2. has LL targeting motif
  3. glucose
33
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - GLUT 8

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A
  1. testes, fat, liver, brain, spleen
  2. has LL targeting motif
  3. glucose, fructose
34
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - GLUT 10

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A

1, heart, lungs

  1. N/A
  2. glucose, galactose
35
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - GLUT 12

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A
  1. insulin-sensitive tissue
  2. has LL targeting motif
  3. glucose, fructose, galactose
36
Q

state the following for the GLUT transporter stated - HMIT / GLUT 13

1) tissue
2) special feature
3) substrate specificity

A
  1. brain
  2. proton-coupled substrate movement
  3. myoinositol (a type of sugar)
37
Q

where is GLUT 4 mainly expressed ?

A

skeletal muscle, heart and adipose tissue

38
Q

what is GLUT 4 ?

A

GLUT 4 is a highly specialised glucose transporter which is regulated by insulin and contraction

39
Q

what was GLUT 4’s original name ?

A

insulin-responsive glucose transporter (IRGT)

40
Q

what does GLUT 4 do in response to insulin stimulation ?

A

GLUT 4 translocates/traffics to the CSM in response to insulin stimulation or muscle contraction

41
Q

what does GLUT 4 also possess ?

A

GLUT 4 has a specialised intracellular storage compartment called - GLUT 4 Storage Compartment (GCS) - from there it is recruited to the CSM

42
Q

what do deficits in insulin-stimulated GLUT 4 trafficking result in ?

A

deficits in insulin-stimulated GLUT 4 trafficking is an early manifestation to insulin resistance and the pre-diabetic phase of T2D

Bsc Sports Biochemistry (year 1) (12 decks)

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