Obesity And Diabetes Flashcards
What is Type I diabetes?
Diabetes is classified as destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Some of the characteristics of the diseases is Insufficient insulin production a condition that is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells and Insulin deficiency. Some people can have an idiopathic DM, meaning they have no autoantibodies. Type 1 diabetes is also called Insullin dependent DM.
What is the etiology of Type I diabetes?
The disease is autoimmune the beta cells are destroyed by the body itself. The body experiences progressive destruction of pancreastic beta cells. Predisposing factors: Genetic predisposition, Expoture to a virus and Rest we do not know, being unlucky.
What are the clinical manifestations of Type I diabetes - Include cardinal signs?
Cardinal signs are polyuria (High urine output), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (excessive hunger and food consumption). Leads to weight loss, hyperglycemia and glucoseuria
What is the pathophysiology of Type I diabetes - How is it diagnosed?
Beta cells are killed, and use the ketones to break down the glucose instead of Insulin.
Blood glucose levels are tested. The Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) test requires an 8-hour fasting period, with normal results below 100 mg/dL and diabetes diagnosed at levels above 126 mg/dL.
What is the etiology of Diabetes type II?
The causes/risk factors of DM 2 are usually: Genetic suseptibility, obesity, Sedentary lifestyle (Western lifestyle - mostly when eating a lot of processed food)
often diagnosed from routine checkup
What is the pathophysiology of Diabetes type II - The three abnormalities?
The three abnormalities:
- insulin resistance
- Beta cell dysfunction
- Increased glucose production by the liver
How does diabetes type II develop?
Type 2 diabetes happens when the body’s cells stop responding well to insulin (insulin resistance), especially in muscles, liver, and fat. At first, the pancreas makes extra insulin to keep blood sugar normal, but over time, the insulin-producing cells get tired and can’t keep up. This leads to high blood sugar levels.
Clinical manifestations of Type II diabetes?
- Metabolic syndrome:
Insulin resistance can lead to obesity, high levels of HDL, hypertension, systemic inflamation - Obesity:
A person is classified as obese when they have a BMI of over 30. Obesity is having more apipose tissue increasing the risk of disease. People with upper body (or central) has a higher risk of developing obesity
Complications: hyperglycemia, Foot ulcers, Metabolic syndrome.
Management: Lifestyle changes are the main treatment for type 2 diabetes.
How can weighloss impact insulin resistance and blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes?
A loss of 5% to 10% of body weight has the potential to improve (ie. decrease) insulin resistance and lower blood glucose levels
What is Metabolic syndrome & obesity and what defines it?
The metabolic syndrome is a complication associated with diabetes type 2. It is an insulin resistance which can lead to obesity, high levels of HDL, hypertension, systemic inflamation.
Risk factors are Diabetes type 2, an increased amount of adipose tissue. Obesity is characterized as having a BMI over 30
What are the clinical signs and complications of Obesity and metabolic symdrome?
Signs:
Viseral obesity Central, upper body obeisity usually located in the waist, fat around inner organs. Hyperpigmented skin changes.
Complications:
Hypertension, artherosclerosis, Stroke, T2DM, Cancer, dyspnoea, Osteoarthritis, gall stones, cardiovascular diseases, decreased fertility
What are the two types of obesity based on fat distribution on the body and explain the differences in health risks associated with each type.
Obesity can be classified into two types based on fat distribution: upper body (android) and lower body (gynoid). Upper body obesity, also known as central or abdominal obesity, is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic complications. Lower body obesity, often termed pear-shaped, carries a lower risk of such complications due to the distribution of fat primarily in the hips and thighs.
What are the Cells of the Langerhans islets and what do they do?
- Alpha cells: produce glucagon
- Beta cells: produce insulin and amylin
- Delta cells: secretes Somatostatin (Secretion of growth hormon and inhibits alpha and beta cells)
What is the role of Insulin in the body
Insulin helps transfer the glucose from the blood to the compartments that need it. When we eat, the insulin production increases Without insulin its not possible to store energy in the body. Only hormon that work to lower the blood sugar.
- Insulin inhibits fat and glycogen breakdown
- inhibits gluconeogenesis
What is the role of glucagon?
Glucagon is the counter part of insulin, when blood glucose decreases the glucagon will increase - we send out glucose to the blood, which is coming from the stored glycogen. Glucose is released by gluconeogenesis
What is the role of Somatostatin?
Acts locally in the langerhans islet to decrease production of insulin and glucagon → triggered by food intake.
What is the role of Amylin?
It is secreted by the beta cells, and is an anoretic hormone. Works on the brain to stimulate the feeling of satiety ( the feeling of being full). regulates the plasma glucose consentrations
What is the role of GLP-1?
(Glucagon-like peptide 1): Called an incretin hormone, meaning a hormone that helps the level of insulin and decreases glucagon secretion, a glucose stimuli from an IV will produce less insulin than ingesting some food since the GLP-1 will secrete insulin when food or drinks go through the intestines.
Briefly what is the role of growth hormone in obesity?
Has metabolic effects which increases cellular protein synthesis which stimulates release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. It is Usually inhibited by insulin. Fasting increases GH levels.
What is the role of Epinephrine?
Helps maintain the blood glucose levels during stress by stimulating glucogenolysis in liver this leads to large amounts of glucose being released in blood. Epinephrine also inhibits insulin release.
What is ketoacidosis, and how does it develop?
Ketoacidosis occurs when the body lacks insulin and starts breaking down fats for energy, producing excess ketones. It leads to symptoms like vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, and loss of consciousness. Severe cases can result in dehydration, coma, or death.
What are the key physiological changes in Diabetic Ketoacidosis(DKA)?
Insulin deficiency → decreased glucose uptake → hyperglycemia → polyuria and fluid loss.
Increased protein catabolism → elevated plasma amino acids.
Increased lipolysis → elevated ketones (ketogenesis).
These changes cause dehydration and metabolic imbalances, progressing to coma or death in severe cases.
DKA is rare in type 2 diabetes due to the presence of some insulin.
What are the dangers of Hypoglycemia?
Hypoglycemia is the medical term for low blood sugar. It is a Common diabetes acute complication which comes from having low blood glucose. It can cause coma and seizures in the worst cases. It is chracterized by glucose level < 3.5 mmol. Some of the symptoms are trembling, rapid heart rate, sweating
