Blood Flashcards
What is leukemia and how is it classified?
Leukemia is a type of cancer originating in blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, leading to the uncontrolled production of immature white blood cells. It is classified based on the affected cell type and whether it is acute or chronic.
What is the etiology of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)?
Genetic mutations, prior chemotherapy, radiation exposure, and chemical exposures like benzene.
What is the pathophysiology of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)?
Abnormal myeloid stem cells proliferate in the bone marrow, disrupting normal blood cell production.
What are the clinical manifestations of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)?
Fatigue, bruising, frequent infections, bone pain, and hepatosplenomegaly.
What is Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) ?
ALL is a fast-growing leukemia that primarily affects children.
What is the etiology of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) ?
Genetic predispositions (e.g., Down syndrome) and radiation exposure.
What is the pathophysiology of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) ?
Lymphoid precursor cells proliferate uncontrollably, resulting in an overproduction of immature lymphocytes.
What are the clinical manifestations of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) ?
Fatigue, fever, bone pain, enlarged lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegaly, and frequent infections.
Describe Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) and its stages.
Pathophysiology: Caused by the Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL gene), leading to excessive granulocyte production.
Stages:
- Chronic Phase: Mild symptoms, high white blood cell counts.
- Accelerated Phase: Progressive symptoms like swollen spleen, fever, and weight loss.
- Blast Crisis Phase: Leukemic cells spread, leading to organ damage and blood flow blockage.
What is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and its symptoms?
CLL is a slow-growing leukemia primarily affecting B-lymphocytes. In early stages, it may show no symptoms, but in more aggressive cases, symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen, weight loss, and anemia.
What are neoplastic disorders of the lymphoid?
The neoplastic disorders of lymphoid origin represent the most important of the white blood cell disorders. The major categories include non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL).
What are Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphomas?
Both are cancers of the lymphatic system. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells and typically starts in a single lymph node, while Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more diverse and can involve multiple lymph nodes and extranodal sites.
From which cell types do NHL origin?
B-cell, T-cell, or NK-cells
What are the causes (etiology) of NHL
environmental, genetic or pathogens such as epstein barr virus.
What are the clinical manifestations of Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)?
HL typically presents with painless enlargement of a single lymph node, fever, night sweats, weight loss, pruritus, and fatigue. It may spread to organs like the liver and spleen.
Describe the pathophysiology of NHL.
NHL arises from abnormal lymphoid cells and can affect lymph nodes, bone marrow, and other organs.
What are the clinical manifestations of NHL
Symptoms vary by subtype, but common ones include painless lymph node swelling, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and increased susceptibility to infections.
What is the most common NHL subtype and its cellular origin?
Mature B-Cell Lymphomas: B-cell lymphomas are the most common NHL subtype and originate either from the germinal center B or activated B cells that have exited the germinal centers.
What is anemia?
Anemia is a condition where the total amount of circulating hemoglobin (red blood cells) is decreased.
What are the four primary causes of anemia?
(1) excessive loss of red blood cells from bleeding, (2) destruction (hemolysis) of red blood cells, (3) defective red blood cell production, or (4) inadequate red blood cell production because of bone marrow failure.
What are the clinical manifestations of anemia?
Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, tachycardia, pallor, headache, and in severe cases, heart failure. Specific symptoms depend on the type of anemia.
What are the effects of anemia in the three grouped categories.
a. Impaired oxygen transport and the resulting compensatory mechanisms
b. Reduction in red cell indices and hemoglobin levels
c. Signs and symptoms associated with the pathologic process that is causing the anemia
What are the causes and clinical features of Iron Deficiency Anemia?
Iron deficiency anemia is caused by insufficient iron intake or chronic blood loss. Symptoms include fatigue, pallor, and pica (craving non-nutritive substances like ice).
What is sickle cell anemia and its complications?
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder causing RBCs to deform into sickle shapes, leading to blockages and organ damage. Symptoms include pain crises, chronic anemia, and potential organ damage.
What is hemolytic anemia and its causes?
Hemolytic anemia occurs due to increased RBC destruction, either due to intrinsic factors (e.g., RBC defects) or extrinsic factors (e.g., autoimmune reactions, mechanical damage). Symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, and splenomegaly.
And also characterized by:
The retention in the body of iron and the other products of hemoglobin destruction
and An increase in erythropoiesis
What is the coagulation cascade and its role in bleeding and clotting?
The coagulation cascade involves the activation of clotting factors leading to the formation of fibrin, which solidifies the clot to stop bleeding. It has intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, both culminating in thrombin production.
What is neutropenia and its causes?
Neutropenia is a decrease in neutrophils, leading to increased risk of infection. Causes include congenital conditions (e.g., Kostmann syndrome), autoimmune diseases, infections, and certain drugs.
What is leucopenia and its clinical implications?
Leucopenia is a decrease in white blood cells, increasing susceptibility to infections. It can be caused by bone marrow disorders, infections, or certain medications.
What is leukocytosis and its causes?
Leukocytosis is an increase in white blood cells, often due to infections, inflammation, stress, or leukemia. It is generally a sign that the immune system is responding to a bodily need.
What is polycythemia and its types?
Polycythemia is characterized by an increased number of red blood cells, leading to thickened blood. It can be primary (e.g., polycythemia vera) or secondary (e.g., due to low oxygen levels from lung disease or high altitudes).
What is mononucleosis and its clinical features?
Mononucleosis is a viral infection, usually caused by Epstein-Barr virus, leading to lymphocyte proliferation. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue.
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and its manifestations?
DIC is a disorder where both clotting and bleeding occur throughout the body, often as a complication of conditions like sepsis. Symptoms include bleeding, organ damage, and clot formation in small blood vessels.
