Gynocology and Andrology Flashcards
What is testicular torsion?
Twisting of the spermatic cord, cutting off blood supply to the testicle.
What are the types of testicular torsion?
Intravaginal (common in adolescents) and extravaginal (neonates).
What is the treatment for testicular torsion?
Emergency surgery within 6 hours to save the testicle.
What is epididymitis?
Inflammation of the epididymis, acute (<6 weeks) or chronic (>6 weeks).
What are causes of epididymitis?
Bacterial infections (STDs, urinary tract infections), trauma, or surgery.
What are symptoms of epididymitis?
Pain, swelling, redness, fever, and discharge.
What is orchitis?
Acute inflammation of the testis, often associated with mumps infection.
What are symptoms of orchitis?
Swelling, tenderness, redness, and scrotal pain.
Testis Retention (Cryptorchidism) What is testis retention?
Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum.
What are the types of cryptorchidism?
Primary (failure to descend) and secondary (retracted after descent).
What is the clinical significance of cryptorchidism?
Risk of infertility and testicular cancer.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) What is BPH?
Enlargement of the prostate gland that obstructs urine flow.
What causes BPH?
Hormonal changes (low testosterone, high estrogen) and smooth muscle tone increase.
What are symptoms of BPH?
Frequent urination, nocturia, weak stream, urgency, and incomplete emptying.
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation, follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase.
What happens during the follicular phase?
FSH stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production.
What triggers ovulation?
Surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) on day 14.
What happens during the luteal phase?
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone to maintain uterine lining.
What is amenorrhea?
Absence of menstruation due to hormonal imbalance, stress, or pregnancy.
What is menorrhagia?
Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.
What is breast cancer?
Uncontrolled cell growth in breast tissue.
What are risk factors for breast cancer?
Age, family history, obesity, late menopause, alcohol use.
What genes are involved in hereditary cases?
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.
What causes cervical cancer?
HPV infection leading to dysplasia and malignancy.
What are risk factors for cervical cancer?
Multiple sexual partners, early sexual activity, smoking, and STDs.
How is it prevented?
HPV vaccination and Pap smear screening.
What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) ?
Infection of the upper reproductive organs, often caused by STDs.
What are symptoms of PID?
Pelvic pain, fever, discharge, painful intercourse, and tenderness.
What is the treatment for PID?
Antibiotics.
What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?
Endocrine disorder causing irregular periods and infertility due to high androgens.
What are symptoms of PCOS?
Irregular cycles, acne, hirsutism, obesity, and infertility.
What is the pathogenesis of PCOS?
Hormonal imbalance (high LH and insulin), preventing ovulation and causing cysts.
What is endometriosis?
Growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus.
What causes symptoms in endometriosis?
Hormonal cycles cause growth, shedding, and bleeding of ectopic tissue, leading to inflammation and adhesions.
What are symptoms of endometriosis?
Pelvic pain, painful periods, infertility, and ovarian cysts
What are causes of female infertility?
Ovulatory dysfunction (e.g., PCOS), tubal damage, endometriosis, or hormonal issues.
What are causes of male infertility?
Low sperm count, poor motility, hormonal imbalances, infections, or varicocele.
What is the treatment for infertility?
Medications, surgery, or assisted reproductive techniques like IVF.
