Gynocology and Andrology

Question 1

What is testicular torsion?

Answer 1

Twisting of the spermatic cord, cutting off blood supply to the testicle.

Question 2

What are the types of testicular torsion?

Answer 2

Intravaginal (common in adolescents) and extravaginal (neonates).

Question 3

What is the treatment for testicular torsion?

Answer 3

Emergency surgery within 6 hours to save the testicle.

Question 4

What is epididymitis?

Answer 4

Inflammation of the epididymis, acute (<6 weeks) or chronic (>6 weeks).

Question 5

What are causes of epididymitis?

Answer 5

Bacterial infections (STDs, urinary tract infections), trauma, or surgery.

Question 6

What are symptoms of epididymitis?

Answer 6

Pain, swelling, redness, fever, and discharge.

Question 7

What is orchitis?

Answer 7

Acute inflammation of the testis, often associated with mumps infection.

Question 8

What are symptoms of orchitis?

Answer 8

Swelling, tenderness, redness, and scrotal pain.

Question 9

Testis Retention (Cryptorchidism) What is testis retention?

Answer 9

Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum.

Question 10

What are the types of cryptorchidism?

Answer 10

Primary (failure to descend) and secondary (retracted after descent).

Question 11

What is the clinical significance of cryptorchidism?

Answer 11

Risk of infertility and testicular cancer.

Question 12

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) What is BPH?

Answer 12

Enlargement of the prostate gland that obstructs urine flow.

Question 13

What causes BPH?

Answer 13

Hormonal changes (low testosterone, high estrogen) and smooth muscle tone increase.

Question 14

What are symptoms of BPH?

Answer 14

Frequent urination, nocturia, weak stream, urgency, and incomplete emptying.

Question 15

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 15

Menstruation, follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase.

Question 16

What happens during the follicular phase?

Answer 16

FSH stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production.

Question 17

What triggers ovulation?

Answer 17

Surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) on day 14.

Question 18

What happens during the luteal phase?

Answer 18

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone to maintain uterine lining.

Question 19

What is amenorrhea?

Answer 19

Absence of menstruation due to hormonal imbalance, stress, or pregnancy.

Question 20

What is menorrhagia?

Answer 20

Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.

Question 21

What is breast cancer?

Answer 21

Uncontrolled cell growth in breast tissue.

Question 22

What are risk factors for breast cancer?

Answer 22

Age, family history, obesity, late menopause, alcohol use.

Question 23

What genes are involved in hereditary cases?

Answer 23

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.

Question 24

What causes cervical cancer?

Answer 24

HPV infection leading to dysplasia and malignancy.

Question 25

What are risk factors for cervical cancer?

Answer 25

Multiple sexual partners, early sexual activity, smoking, and STDs.

Question 26

How is it prevented?

Answer 26

HPV vaccination and Pap smear screening.

Question 27

What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) ?

Answer 27

Infection of the upper reproductive organs, often caused by STDs.

Question 28

What are symptoms of PID?

Answer 28

Pelvic pain, fever, discharge, painful intercourse, and tenderness.

Question 29

What is the treatment for PID?

Answer 29

Antibiotics.

Question 30

What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer 30

Endocrine disorder causing irregular periods and infertility due to high androgens.

Question 31

What are symptoms of PCOS?

Answer 31

Irregular cycles, acne, hirsutism, obesity, and infertility.

Question 32

What is the pathogenesis of PCOS?

Answer 32

Hormonal imbalance (high LH and insulin), preventing ovulation and causing cysts.

Question 33

What is endometriosis?

Answer 33

Growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus.

Question 34

What causes symptoms in endometriosis?

Answer 34

Hormonal cycles cause growth, shedding, and bleeding of ectopic tissue, leading to inflammation and adhesions.

Question 35

What are symptoms of endometriosis?

Answer 35

Pelvic pain, painful periods, infertility, and ovarian cysts

Question 36

What are causes of female infertility?

Answer 36

Ovulatory dysfunction (e.g., PCOS), tubal damage, endometriosis, or hormonal issues.

Question 37

What are causes of male infertility?

Answer 37

Low sperm count, poor motility, hormonal imbalances, infections, or varicocele.

Question 38

What is the treatment for infertility?

Answer 38

Medications, surgery, or assisted reproductive techniques like IVF.