Liver and exocrine pancreas Flashcards by Frida Bejder

What are the main causes of liver failure

Liver destruction, Hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis.

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What is liver failure

The most severe clinical cansequence of liver disease is liver failure

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What are the clinical manifestations in relation to the pathophysiology of liver failure

Manifestations of liver failure reflect the various synthesis, storage, metabolic, and elimination functions of the liver.

Hematologic Disorders: Liver failure can cause anemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulation defects, and leukopenia.

Malabsorption of the fat-soluble vitamin K

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What is the treatment goal of alcoholic cirrhosis?

The treatment of liver failure is directed toward eliminating alcohol intake when the condition is caused by alcoholic cirrhosis

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State the most (only) effective treatment in liver failure

Liver transplantation remains the only effective treatment

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What is gastritis?

Gastritis is inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which can be acute or chronic, causing nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and sometimes hemorrhage.

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What are common causes of acute gastritis?

Medications (NSAIDs, aspirin), alcohol, stress, bacterial toxins, uremia, chemotherapy, and radiation.

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What is the primary cause of chronic gastritis?

Helicobacter pylori infection. (H.pylori infection)
Or autoimmune

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How does H. pylori cause gastritis?

It produces urease, which disrupts mucosal defenses, leading to inflammation and increased cancer risk.

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What are the symptoms of acute gastritis?

Heartburn, sour stomach, vomiting, hematemesis, and melena.

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What is peptic ulcer disease?

It is a condition characterized by ulceration of the stomach or duodenal lining due to the breakdown of mucosal defenses.

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What are the two main causes of peptic ulcers?

H. pylori infection and NSAID use.

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How does H. pylori lead to ulcers?

It causes inflammation, increases acid secretion, and damages mucosal defenses.

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What are the clinical manifestations of peptic ulcers?

Most important is theEpigastric pain,

other symptoms include:
nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, melena, and iron deficiency anemia.

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How do symptoms differ between gastric and duodenal ulcers?

Gastric ulcers worsen with food, while duodenal ulcers improve with food.

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How does food affect pain in gastric vs. duodenal ulcers?

Gastric ulcers worsen with food, while duodenal ulcers improve with food.

antacids can also help

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What are clinical complications of peptic ulcers?

Hemorrhage, perforation and penetration, and gastric outlet obstruction.

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How are peptic ulcers treated?

Eradication of helicobacter pylori, stop NSAIDs use, in case of gastric ulcer biopsies to rule out malignancy, endoscopic follow up to ensure ulcer healing.

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What causes viral hepatitis?

Hepatotropic viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV).

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How is hepatitis A transmitted?

Fecal-oral route via contaminated food or water.

How are hepatitis B and C transmitted?

Blood and body fluids, sexual contact, and perinatal transmission.

What are the clinical phases of hepatitis?

Prodromal (flu-like symptoms), Icterus (jaundice), and Recovery (symptom resolution).

What are the complications of chronic hepatitis?

Cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

What is cirrhosis?

Chronic liver disease characterized by fibrosis and scarring, leading to liver dysfunction.

What causes cirrhosis?

Alcohol, hepatitis B and C, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders.

What are complications of cirrhosis?

Portal hypertension, ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver failure.

What skin findings are associated with cirrhosis?

Jaundice, spider nevi, palmar erythema, and paper-money skin.

What is cholelithiasis (Gallstones)?

Formation of stones in the gallbladder due to imbalances in bile composition.

Describe the major substance(s) of gallstones

Cholelithiasis or gallstones is caused by precipitation of substances contained in bile, mainly cholesterol and bilirubin.

Describe the two primary factors that contribute to the formation of gall stones

Two primary factors contribute to the formation of gallstones: abnormalities in the composition of bile (particularly increased cholesterol) and the stasis of bile.

What are the risk factors for gallstones / what conditions are associated with formation of gallstones?

Sex(Female), obesity, multiple pregnancies, rapid weight loss, and high-fat diets. Contraceptive pills.

What are the symptoms of cholelithiasis? And when do people experience symptoms

Many people have no symptoms. Gallstones cause symptoms when they obstruct bile flow or cause inflammation. Larger stones are more likely to obstruct flow and cause jaundice. The pain of biliary colic is usually located in the upper right quadrant.

What complications can arise from gallstones?

Cholecystitis, cholangitis, and choledocholithiasis.

What is cholecystitis?

Inflammation of the gallbladder, usually due to gallstones.

What is acute cholecystitis?

Acute cholecystitis is a diffuse inflammation of the gallbladder, usually caused by obstruction of the gallbladder outlet, most commonly due to gallstones (calculous cholecystitis).

What percentage of acute cholecystitis cases are associated with gallstones?

Approximately 85% to 90% of cases are associated with gallstones (calculous cholecystitis).

What is acalculous cholecystitis?

Acalculous cholecystitis is gallbladder inflammation that occurs without gallstones. It is often associated with sepsis, severe trauma, infection, burns, biliary sludge, or vasculitis.

What is chronic cholecystitis?

Chronic cholecystitis results from repeated episodes of acute cholecystitis or chronic irritation by gallstones. It is characterized by varying degrees of chronic inflammation and almost always involves gallstones.

What complications are associated with chronic cholecystitis?

Complications include acute exacerbations of inflammation, common duct stones, pancreatitis, and, rarely, gallbladder carcinoma.

What are the clinical manifestations of acute cholecystitis?

Symptoms include sudden onset of upper right quadrant or epigastric pain, mild fever, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Pain may be severe and sudden, sometimes requiring emergency surgery.

What are the symptoms of chronic cholecystitis?

Symptoms are more vague and include intolerance to fatty foods, belching, and episodes of colicky pain due to biliary obstruction caused by gallstones.

What is acute pancreatitis?

Sudden inflammation of the pancreas due to enzyme activation and autodigestion.

What are the main causes of acute pancreatitis?

Gallstones and alcohol abuse.

What are the symptoms of acute pancreatitis?

Severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, nausea, vomiting, and fever.

What are complications of chronic pancreatitis?

Diabetes, malabsorption, pseudocysts, and pancreatic cancer.

What is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)?

A primary liver cancer arising from hepatocytes, often linked to cirrhosis and hepatitis.

What is cholangiocarcinoma?

Cancer of the bile ducts, associated with chronic inflammation or primary sclerosing cholangitis.

What are common symptoms of hepatobiliary cancers?

Weight loss, jaundice, abdominal pain, and ascites.