Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3 - Clinical Science and Professionalism > Obesity > Flashcards

Obesity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What lifestyle factors impact health

A
  • drug use
  • diet
  • exercise
  • use of sunscreens
  • use of condoms
  • attendance at screening/health checks
  • hygiene
  • use of safety belts and helmets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is it hard to change behaviour

A
  • giving up something pleasurable can be difficult
  • changing routines is usually difficult
  • habits and addictions are hard to modify
  • motivation to change fluctuates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is locus of control

A
  • generalised expectancy that rewards are controlled by external forces or by ones own behaviour (internal (you can control it) vs external (you cannot control it))
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the health belief model

A

action is a function of perceived likelihood of illness, its seriousness and costs and benefits of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the stages of change that people go across when thinking of changing behaviour

A
  • Pre -contemplation
  • contemplation
  • preparation
  • action
  • maintenance or relapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the efficacy of lifestyle interventions determined by

A
  • strength of the drive for the unhealthy behaviour
  • effort required
  • target population - motivation, social factors, personal characteristics ,biological factors
  • efficacy of supportive medication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

list some complications of obesity

A
  • pulmonary disease - abnormal function, obstructive sleep apnea, hypoventilation syndrome

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

  • steatosis
  • steatohepatiits
  • cirrhosis

Gallbladder disease

gynaecological abnormalities

  • abnormal menses
  • infertility
  • PCOS

Osteoarthritis

stroke

cataracts

coronary heart disease

  • diabetes
  • dyslipidaemia
  • hypertension

Severe pancreatitis

Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the benefits of weight loss

A
  • Can reduce blood pressure
  • can prevent onset of T2DM
  • reduce blood glucose and LDL cholesterol
  • improve sleep apnoea
  • benefits start to accrue when 5-10% of initial body weight is lost
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cause of obesity

A
  • more energy in and less energy out leads to more energy stored and converted to fats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate for women

A

1200-1600kCal per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the resting metabolic rate

A

the energy you use when you don’t do anything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe what happens to the resting metabolic rate

A
  • increases with increased muscle mass
  • declines with age
  • declines during restriction of energy intake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What determines our body weight

A

Interaction of

  • behaviour
  • genes
  • environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some strategies for weight loosing

A 
1, Self-monitoring 
2, Stimulus control 
3, Goal setting 
4, Cognitive restructuring 
5, Incentives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you self monitor in weight loosing

A
  • food diaries - record type and amount of food eaton and times, places and feelings associated with eating
  • pedometers to monitor physical activity
  • scales to monitor body weight regularly - essential for any progress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can you use stimulus control in weight loosing

A

Identify and modifying environmental cues to eating

  • limit eating to kitchen
  • remove snacks from TV room
  • keep tempting food out of sight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does goal setting work in weight loss

A
  • 5% weight loss over 6 months

- loose a 1lb a week is a realistic goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does cognitive restructuring work in weight loss

A

identifying and challenging self defeating thoughts and counterproductive beliefs

19
Q

how do incentives help weight loss

A
  • agreements with HPs, friends, slimming group

- rewards and praise for achieving goals

20
Q

What are the predictors of success of weight loss

A
  • diet and activity
  • 400kcal/day in activity
  • average 5 eating episodes day including breakfast
  • weighing yourself at least once a week
21
Q

What are the physical activity recommendations

A
  • 30 minutes moderate activity on 5 or more days a week
  • up to an hourly may be needed to prevent obesity
  • up to 90 minutes/day to maintain weight reduction
22
Q

Who can have orlistat

A
  • greater than 12 years old
  • BMI over 30 years old
  • or BMI >27 with risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia
23
Q

How do you take orlistat

A

120mg TDS with meals containing fat

24
Q

Whats another version of orilstat

A

Alli

25
Q

Who can take Alli

A
  • 18 years old

- for weight loss when used with rescued calorie and low fat diet

26
Q

What is the dosage of Alli

A
  • 60mg TID with meals containing fat
27
Q

What are the side effects of orlistat

A
  • Diarrhoea
  • Steatorrhoea
  • reduce intake of fat soluble vitamins in a small proportion of users
28
Q

What fat is good

A
  • subcutaneous fat seems protective

- internal fat e.g. liver fat is a problem

29
Q

What is the Atkins diet

A
  • max 20 grams of carbohydrates a day

- protein and fat as much as you like

30
Q

What are some other dietary approaches to weight loss

A
  • Low glycemic index diets
  • low calorie diets with and without meal replacement
  • intermittent fasting
31
Q

What is a low GI index diet

A
  • GI is the effect of carbohydrates on postprandial glycaemia
32
Q

Who is the low GI index diet used for

A
  • suggested for CHD and diabetes risk reduction but the evidence is weak
33
Q

Why does the glycemic index have a mixed result

A
  • Large individual difference in triglyceride, glucose and insulin response to indentical meals
  • gut microbiome affected lipemia (more than food content) but not glycemic
  • genes play some role for glucose but not for lipids and C-Peptide
34
Q

What is the 5:2 diet

A

2 non consecutive days on 500/600 kcal

  • then rest of the day can eat food
  • seems to make Intermittent fasting easier
35
Q

Name some appetite suppressant medication used for weight loss

A
  • Mehtylcellulus
  • Amphetamine derivatives - withdrawal
  • Sibutramine - Withdrawn
  • Rimonabant - Withdrawn - risk of suicide
  • GLP-1 agonists are successful in diabetes and effective in weight loss
36
Q

What is Liraglutide

A
  • GLP-1 agonist
  • have to be injected
  • recommended by NICE as part of a tripe therapy for diabetes and has been used for weight loss
37
Q

How do GLP-1 agonists work

A
  • daily subcutaneous injection

- makes patients fell more full and delays the speed that the stomach empties

38
Q

What are the side effects for GLP-1 agonists

A
  • some nausea and vomiting but not bad enough to make them stop taking the medication
  • reports of pancreatitis
39
Q

who is gastric surgery considered in

A
  • Considered in BMI of greater than 40 or greater than 35 with co-morbidities
  • e.g. T2DM, sleep apnoea, high blood pressure or arthritis requiring joint replacement
40
Q

What are the two types of surgical procedures for weight loss

A
  • restrictive

- restrictive and malabsorption

41
Q

Name a restrictive and malabsorption procedure

A
  • Roux-en Y bypass
42
Q

Name a restrictive procedure

A
  • gastric band
43
Q

What are the possible aftermath to a surgical weight loss procedure

A
  • Skin flaps reducing aesthetic gain
  • suicides
  • post surgery addictions to gambling, alcohol and narcotics - but this is rare
44
Q

What is a gastric aspiration

A
  • tube in stomach, button in abdomen, apparatus to carry along
  • chew slowly
  • 1/3 of stomach contents flushed into loo after meal over 5-10 minutes

Year 3 - Clinical Science and Professionalism (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions