obesity Flashcards
What is the WHO definition of obesity?
abnormal or excessive fat accumulation sufficient to adversely affect health and reduce life expectancy
How is the BMI calculated?
person’s weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of their height (in metres)
Which BMI indicates obesity and morbid obesity?
Obese- >30
Mrobid obesity- >40
What is the purpose of using waist circumference to indicate obesity?
Helps distinguish muscular people
Name 2 main non genetic factors contributing to obesity
increased food intake
Less exercise
Name 6 medications which can cause weight issues
- Mood Stabilizers
- Diabetes Medicines
- Corticosteroids
- Beta Blocker
- Allergy Relievers
- Drugs That Prevent Seizures and Migraines
How would insulin used for diabetics result in weight gain?
- It decreases the rate of lipolysis in adipose
- Stimulates the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides in tissues
- Increases the uptake of triglycerides from the blood into adipose
- Decreases rate of fatty acid oxidation in muscle and liver
What is Lipohypertrophy?
Enlargement of fat cells local to where insulin is injected.
Name 3 drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes which increase insulin levels hence weight?
- Insulin
- Sulfonylureas (glyburide/glicizide)
- TZD
Name 2 drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes which stabilise insulin levels hence weight?
- Metformin
- DPP IV inhibitors
- Januvia
- Onglyza
- Trajenta
Name 2 drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes which decrease insulin levels hence weight?
SGLT-2 inhibitors
Acardose
What percentage of obesity is heritable?
around 70%
What is the thrifty gene hypothesis?
Genes that predispose to obesity would have had a selective advantage in populations that frequently experienced starvation.
People who possess these genes in today’s obesogenic environment might be those that ‘overreact’ not just becoming slightly overweight, but extremely obese
What is syndromic monogenic obesity? How many syndromes have been recorded?
A form of obesity which is accompanied by other traits such as mental retardation, dysmorphic features and organ specific abnormalities.
30 syndromes recorded
What is a ciliopathy? How does it contribute to obesity?
A defect in primary cilia
Primary cilia (non motile) plays a role in the differentiation of adipocytes. A defect in adipogenesis contributes to obesity.
Cilia also mediates leptin receptor signaling. Leptin inhibits hunger and regulates energy balance. If cilia is damaged leptin function is inhibited
Which two syndromes fall under syndromic monogenic ciliopathy syndromes? What is there inheritance type and which gene is affected?
Bardet–Biedl (BBS1) & AlstrÖm (ALMS1) syndrome
Autosomal recessive
Give 2 other examples of syndromic monogenic obesity disorders which are not ciliopathies. Name there inheritance pattern and the genes effected
Prader- willi syndrome- SNRPN
Fragile X syndrome- FMR1
Both autosomal recessive
What kind or organ is adipose tissue?
Bonafide endorcine organ
How does body shape influence weight related problems?
Apple shape = More visceral fat
Higher risk of weight-related health problem
Pear shape = Less visceral fat
Lower risk of weight-related health problem
Which other conditions is obesity a risk factor for?
cardiovascular diseases
pulmonary diseases (such as sleep apnoea)
metabolic diseases (diabetes & dyslipidaemia)
osteoarticular diseases
for several of the commonest forms of cancer (breats, cervical,colon, pancreatic)
for serious psychiatric illness
Non- alcoholic fatty liver diease (increased fat, accumulates in the liver)
Type 2 diabetes
Where will you find motile cilia?
Fallopian tubes
Lungs
Which symptoms are associated with Bardet–Biedl?
physiological and renal defects with retinal dystrophy and hypogonadism
Which symptoms are associated with AlstrÖm?
Retinal dystrophe
Diabetes
Neurosensory deafness
State 2 hormones of the fed state and which cells produce them
- Leptin- adipocytes
2. Insulin- B cells of the pancreas
