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Metabolism Y2 > Endocrine Histology > Flashcards

Endocrine Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Fill out the lebels on this diagram

A
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2
Q

What is the name of the functional unit of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid Follicles

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3
Q

What is the red arrow pointing to? Describe this structure

What is the black arrow pointing to? What does it produce?

What is the red star indicating? What does it produce?

A

Red arrow- Thyroid follicle surrounded by. A single layer of Follicular epithelium. Cuboidal/ squamous (less active) or culomnar (active)

Parafollicular or C cells. They produce calcitonon

Red star- Colloid contains iodinated thyroglobulin (T3 and T4)

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4
Q

What seperates each follicular cell? What can be found enclosed in this structure?

A

Connective tissue called septa (collagenous)

A rich blood supply, lymphatics and nerves

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5
Q

What is the apical and basal surface of the follicular epethilial cell attached to?

A

Apical- Colloid

Basal- Basement membrane

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6
Q

Describe where parafollicular cells are located

A

Sandwitched between follicular cells, no exposure to follicular lumen

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7
Q

What is the function of calcitonin? How is its production regulated?

A
  • Physiologic antagonist of the parathyroid hormone (PTH).
    – Regulates calcium levels by suppressing the action of osteoclasts.
    – Secretion is regulated by serum calcium levels.
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8
Q

What do the labels on this image stand for?

A

F: follicle
CT: connective tissue
BV: blood vessels
tsF: top section of
follicle

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9
Q

List the 3 hormones produced by the thyroid gland and where each is produced

A

Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)- Colloid of follicular cells

Calcetonin- Parafollicular cells

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10
Q

What is the function of Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)? What regulates them?

A

Regulate body growth, metabolism and development

Production is regulated by TSH produced by the anterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

What is hyperthyroidism? List 2 specific conditions which fall under this umbrella

A

hypermetabolic state caused by elevated circulating levels of
free T3 and T4

Conditions: Graves diease and Thyrotoxicosis

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12
Q

What is hypothyroidism? List 2 specific conditions which fall under this umbrella

A

structural or functional abnormalities that interfere with
thyroid hormone production

Hashimoto Thyroiditis, autoimmune thyroid
disease

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13
Q

What is the cellular manifestation of graves diease?

A

-Diffuse hypertrophy and hyperplasia (enlarged organ) of follicular cells (tall and columnar and
more crowded)
This causes papillary formation which extend into the lumen

-Lymphoids (mianly T cells) infiltrate thyroid stroma

-Cytoplasmic eosinophilia, with enlarged
nuclei

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14
Q

What is the meaning of the term cytoplasmic eosinophilia?

A

When more cells take up the stain Eosin, the histology looks more pink. The type of cells which take uo this stains are proteins such as collagen. This indicates there are more proteins potentially conncetive tissue in the histology

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15
Q

Describe the histology of hashimito thyroiditis

A
  • Wide speard inflitration of mononuclear inflammatory cells. These consist of lymphocytes, plasma cells and well developed germinal centers (clusters of differentiating B cells)
  • Follicles are atrophic, distinguished by abundant eosinophilic epithelial cells
    (Hürthle cells)
    -Interstitial connective tissue is increased
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16
Q

Which diease will cause this kind of histology? Explain what is happening here

A

Graves diease

The epithelial cells in this patient no longer surround round follicles of colloid. Instead, these follicles are disappearing and the colloid is becoming depleted.

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17
Q

What is the arrow indicating and why is it happening?

A

The colloid is being depleted, it is no longer round but is forming jaggerd scaloped edges. This is happening because the thyroid hormone in the colloid is being turned over faster. More T3 and T4 is being produced

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18
Q

What is the red circle indicating? Why is this happening?

A

Circle indicates papillae

This is the over growth and multiplication of the follicular epethilum. It grows so much it beings to bulge into the center where the colloid is located

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19
Q

What does the blue arrow indicate

What do the red circles indicate?

A

Blue arrow- lymphocytes and germinal centers

Red circle- Hurthle cells- epethilium of thyroid follicles is big and pink

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20
Q

How does the parathyroid gland change with age and how does this occur?

A

It gets larger with age

Due to increase in fat cells and oxyphil cells

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21
Q

The normal parenchyma of the thyroid gland is composed of two cells, what are there names?

A

Chief cells and oxyphil cells

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22
Q

What is the function of chief cells?

A

They regulate the synthesis, storage and secretion
of large amounts of PTH which raises blood calcium
levels
replicate when stimulated by changes in
blood calcium (transmembrane Ca2+ receptor
on cell membrane, that binds calcium ions).

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23
Q

Write a small description of chief cells

A

small with pale-stained cytoplasm, with
vesicles containing lipofuscin, glycogen and
lipids.

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24
Q

Write a small description of oxyphil ells

A

Round, larger than cheif cells, Esinophilic, unknown function

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25
Q

In the image what does P, O and C indicate?

A

P- cheif cells

0- oxyphil cells

C- capillaries

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26
Q

What is the parenchyma of the adrenal gland devided into? What does each part produce ( borad term)

A

Cortex: Steroid secreting portion
Medulla: Catecholamine secreting portion

27
Q

What is the name of the medulary cells? What type of cells are they? What do they secrete?

A

cromaffin cells

modified neurons,
receive signals from the sympathetic
system to release catecholamines.

28
Q

What is used to stain chromaffin cells

A

Chromium salts

29
Q

How does chromatin staning indicate what it secretes?

A

Cells with dense core vesicles secrete norepinephrine
•Cells with smaller, less dense vesicles secrete epinephrine

30
Q

List the three zones in the adrenal gland and the percentage of the cortical volume it

A
  • Zona glomerulosa: Narrow outer zone up to 15% of the cortical volume.
  • Zona fasciculata: Thick middle zone about 80% of the cortical volume.
  • Zona reticularis: The inner zone only 5% of the cortical volume.
31
Q

Describe the structure of the cells, how they are arranged, the nuclei and matrix of the zona glomerulosa. What do the cells secrete? And what stimulates the secretion of this hormone?

A

Small, columnar or pyramidal cells with spherical and densely stained nuclei.
•Arranged in ovoid clusters, and arch-like cords, seperated by fibrous trabeculae
•Small lipid droplets, extensive RER.
•Synthesize and secrete mostly aldosterone (stimulated by angiotensin II and ACTH).

32
Q

What is this histological image showing? Describe the image

A

Zona glomerulosa

cells- columnar or pyramidal seperated by fibrous trabeculae

Arranged in- avoid clusters

Nuceli- spherical shape and densily stained

33
Q

Describe the structure of the cells, how they are arranged, the nuclei and matrix of the zona Fasciculata.
What do the cells secrete? And what stimulates the secretion of this hormone?

A

Cells- Large, polyhedral cells, in straight chords. separated by sinusoidal capillaries.

Nuceli- separated by sinusoidal capillaries.

Matrix- Acidophillic cytoplasm with numerous lipid
droplets,

Secretion? Secrete glucocorticoids that regulate
glucose and fatty acid metabolism
(cortisol), secretion is regulatedby
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

34
Q

What does this histological image show? Describe it?

A

cells- plyheadral cells, arranged in staright cords, seperated by sinusoidal capillaries

  • Nuclei- lightly stained, sepherical (sometimes bi-nucleated)

Secretes: glucocorticoids (corsiol) stimulated adrenocorticotrophic hormone

35
Q

Describe the structure of the cells, how they are arranged, the nuclei and matrix of the zona Reticularis.
What do the cells secrete? And what stimulates the secretion of this hormone?

A

•Small cells, densely stained nuclei, in chords,
separated by fenestrated capillaries.
•Light and dark cells, dark cells contain
lipofuscin granules (lysosomal digestion).
•Cells have less cytoplasm than ZF, more
closely packed.
•Synthesis and secretion of weak androgens.
Also some glucocorticoids (cortisol).
•Secretion also regulated by ACTH.

36
Q

what lies under the zona reticularis?

A

The medulla

37
Q

What does the medulla secrete?

A

Catecholamines- epinephrin and norepinephrin

38
Q

What are chromaffin cell tumours called?

A

Phaeochromocytoma

39
Q

What is Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Hypercortisolism

40
Q

What are the histological changes which occure during cushings syndrome?

A

Cortical atrophy: (ZF and ZR lack stimulation, while ZG appears normal being
ACTH independent) — exogenous glycocorticoids
• Diffuse hyperplasia: ACTH dependent, cortex is diffusely thickened with lipid-rich
cells (vacuolated)

41
Q

What is addisons diease?

A

Hypocorticolism

42
Q

What are the histological changes which occure during Addisons disease?

A

Atrophic glands
• Fibrosis of adrenal capsule
• No differentiation of the cortical epithelial areas and the medulla
• Marked lymphocytic infiltration (autoimmune)

43
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Sella turcica in the sphenoid bone

44
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

The pituitary stalk- the infundibulum

45
Q

What is another name for the anterior and posterior pituitary gland? What type of cell will you find in each?

A

Anterior- adenophyphesis (glandular epethelial)

Poesterior- neurophypophesis (neural secretory cells)

46
Q

What seperates the cells in the anterior pituiatry?

Describe the organisation of the cells

A

fenestrated capillaries

cells in clumps and chords

47
Q

List the 3 cell types found in the anterior pituitary and state there adunance in percentages

A

Basophils (10%)
Acidophils (40%)
Chromophobes (50%)

48
Q

Which cells fall under basophils cells? What do they produce?

A

Gonadotropes- Produce luteinizing hormone
(LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyrotropes- Produce TSH
Corticotropes- Produce adenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH), and beta lipoprotein.

49
Q

Which cells fall under acidophils cells? What do they produce?

A

Somatotropes
Synthesize growth hormone (GH)

50
Q

Which cells fall under chromophobes? what do they produce?

A

Lactotropes which produce prolactin. Chromophobes when content is being released otherwise acidophils

51
Q

Why is the posterior lobe not an endocrine gland?

A

Because it is an extension of the CNS and
stores and releases secretory products from the
hypothalamus

52
Q

What is the name of the glial cells found in the hypothalamus?

A

Pituicytes

53
Q

What is the hypothalamic hypophysial
tract.

A

Unmyelinated axons derived from neuroendocrine
cells, whose bodies lie in the hypothalamus
(hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular
nuclei) and release neurosecretions in the posterior pituitary gland

54
Q

What are Herring bodies? What do they contain and where do they terminate?

A

intermittent bulging segments of
axons in the hypothalamic hypophysial
tract.

  • contain neuroendocrine secretory granules.
  • terminate very close to the fenestrated capillaries.
55
Q

Where are secretory grandules located in the posterior pituitary? What do these secretory granules contain?

A

located in the herring bodies

Conatin carriere proteins called neurophesis which contain ADH and oxytocin

56
Q

List the cell types found in the posterior pituiray?

A

Fibroblast, Mast cells, pituicytes

57
Q

What is contained in the pituicytes?

A

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

58
Q

Name 3 histological features of a pituitary ademoma

A
59
Q

Into where does the pancrease secrete its enzymes?

A

Duodenum

60
Q

In the pancreas what is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of insulin and glucagon?

A

islets of Langerhans

61
Q

What are acinar cells?

A

Cells which synthesisze and secrete digestive enzymes in the pancrease

62
Q

Name the different types of cells in the islet of Langerhans? What they secrete and what colour they will be in Immunofluorescence
imaging?

A

A (alpha)- Red produce glucagon.
B (beta)- Brownish Orange produce insulin.
D (delta)- Blue produce somatostatin.

63
Q

Name 3 pathological manifestations in the pancreas and a condition they may relate to

A

Reduction in the number and size of islets: DT1

Leukocytic infiltrates in the islets (insulitis): principally of T lymphocytes
Amyloid deposition within islets - fibrosis in advanced stages: DT2

Metabolism Y2 (14 decks)

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