obesity Flashcards
what is the word for environments that promote increased food intake, nonhealthful food, and physical inactivity?
obeseogenic
what percent of US adults are overweight
more than 68 percent
what are rates of obesity among men?
34.4 percent
what are obesity rates among women?
36.1 percent
how do overweight and obesity rank as leading causes of death?
5 th
how may adults worldwide aged 20 and over are obese?
nearly 1.5 billion
how many children under 5 worldwide are obese
49 million
what mental health problems are associated with overweight and obesity?
increased rates of depression and anxiety disorders
What cardiovascular health effects are associated with overweight and obesity?
.High blood pressure
.Higher triglyceride levels and decrease HDL levels, bothe factors in the development of cardiovascular disease
What weight gain doubles a persons risk of type 2 diabetes?
a weight gain of 11-18 pounds
What effects do overweight and obesity have on sexual functioning?
higher rates of sexual dysfunction
increased risk for prostate, endometrial, and uterine cancer
increased risk of breast cancer in women
increased risk of fetal and maternal death, labor and delivery complication and birth defects
What effects do overwight and obesity have on the immune system?
tendency towards more infectious diseases
reduced wound healing
what effects do overweight and obesity have on the heart
a dramatically increased risk for all forms of heart disease
what effects do overweight and obesity have on the respiratory system>
increased risk of sleep apnea and asthma
what effects do overwight and obesity have on the digestive system?
increased risks for colon gallbladder and kidney cancers
increased risk of gallbladder disease
what effects do overweight and obesity have on bones and joints
for every 2 pound increase in wight the risk of arthiritis increases 9 to 13 percent
increased risk of osteoarthiritis especially in weight bearing joints such as knees and hips
what is the significance of the FTO gene?
people with cerain feneric variations may tend to graze for food more often, eat mor calories, and consume more more food every day.
thrifty genes
african and indian fat people’s ancestors struggled with famine and so they developed slow metabolisms
what is basal metabolic rate
how many calories is average (same as 4-8 yr old girl)
the minimum rate at which the body uses energy when working to maintain basic vital functions. BMR for the average healthy adult i 1200 to 18000 calories a day
what is resting metabolic rate?
resting metabolic rate includesth BMR plus any energy expended through daily sedentary activities such as food digestion, sitting studying and standing
exercise metabolic rate
accounts for all additional metabolic activities
how much does a person’s BMR slow down per year after turning thirty?
1 to 2 percent
what is the theory of adaptive thermogenesis?
this theory holds that the brain slows metabolic activity and energy expenditure as a form of defensive protection against possible starvation, which makes weight loss difficult.
what is set poin theory
this theory holds that our bodies fight to maintain our weight around a narrow range or set point.
what are yo-yo diets? why are they doomed to fail?
diets in which people repeatedly gain weight and then lose it quickly. when such dieters resume eating their BMR is set lower.
what is the hunger hormone?
ghrelin
what hormone signals fullness?
leptin
what is hyperplasia?
an excess of fat cells
what is hypertrophy?
excessive size of fat cells
what are some environmental factors that contribute to obesity?
advertising prepackaged high calorie foods society eating more and normalizing high calorie consumption bottle feeding infants misleading food labels
socioeconomic effects on wight gain
.unsafe neighborhoods
,food as a reward
.lack of access to nutritious foods
lack of time due to shiftwork, long commutes. multiple jobs.
what percent of total calories do adults, on average, get from fast foods
11.3
of all the factors affecting obesity, what is perhaps the most critical?
the relationship between activity and calorie intake
what is one thing that makes determining activity levels through surveys difficult?
people surveyed overestimate their daily exercis e level and intensity
