Final stuff (disregard previous) Flashcards
What does the term obeseogenic refer to?
refers to environments that promote increased food intake, nonhealthful foods, and physical inactivity
How has obesity changed in the US over the last tow decades?
Obesity has tripled among children and doubled among adults in the United States in the last two decades.
How do overweight and obesity rank as causes of death globally?
Overweight and obesity have become the fifth leading cause for global death.
What does globesity refer to?
Globesity refers to the global epidemic of high rates of overweight and obesity in multiple regions of the world.
what mental health problems are associated with overweight and obesity?
increased rates of depression and anxiety disorders
What cardiovascular health effects are associated with overweight and obesity?
High blood pressure
.Higher triglyceride levels and decrease HDL levels, bothe factors in the development of cardiovascular disease
What weight gain doubles a persons risk of type 2 diabetes?
a weight gain of 11-18 pounds
What effects do overweight and obesity have on sexual functioning?
higher rates of sexual dysfunction
increased risk for prostate, endometrial, and uterine cancer
increased risk of breast cancer in women
increased risk of fetal and maternal death, labor and delivery complication and birth defects
what effects do overweight and obesity have on the heart
a dramatically increased risk for all forms of heart disease
what effects do overweight and obesity have on the respiratory system
increased risk of sleep apnea and asthma
what effects do overwight and obesity have on the digestive system?
increased risks for colon gallbladder and kidney cancers
increased risk of gallbladder disease
what effects do overweight and obesity have on bones and joints
for every 2 pound increase in wight the risk of arthiritis increases 9 to 13 percent
increased risk of osteoarthiritis especially in weight bearing joints such as knees and hips
What is the “Thrifty gene” theory?
The “thrifty gene” theory hypothesizes that some people may be genetically programmed to burn fewer calories.
what is Basal Metabolic rate?
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum rate at which the body uses energy when working to maintain basic vital functions.
what is resting metabolic rate?
The resting metabolic rate (RMR) includes BMR plus any additional energy expended through sedentary activity.
what is exercise metabolic rate?
The exercise metabolic rate (EMR) accounts for all remaining calorie expenditures.
what is the hunger hormone?
ghrelin
what is the hormone that signals fullness?
leptin
what is hyperplasia?
an excess of cells
what is hypertrophy?
large cells
what environmental factors contribute to obesity?
Advertising, portion size, prepackaged foods, eating out, bottle-feeding, misleading labels
Youthful start on obesity
list psychosocial and economic factors in the development of obesity
Using food as a reward for good behavior in childhood
People living in poverty may have less access to fresh, nutrient dense foods
Unsafe neighborhoods and lack of recreational areas
what are some lifestyle factors that contribute to overweight and obesity
People underestimate daily activity level
Experts have begun to focus on time spent sitting
what does the digestive process refer to
The sequence of functions by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them
what is the first stage of the digestive process?
Your mouth prepares for the food by increasing production of saliva, which aids in chewing and swallowing and contains an enzyme that begins breaking down some carbohydrates
What is the second stage of the digestive process>
From the mouth, the food passes down the esophagus, a tube that connects the mouth and stomach.
What is the third stage of the digestive process
in the stomach, food is mixed by muscular contractions and is broken down with enzymes and somach acids
what is the fourth stage of the digestive process?
Further digestive activity and absorption of nutrients takes place in the small intestine, aided by enzymes from the liver and the pancreas
what is the fifth stage of the digestive process?
water and salts are reabsorbed into the system by the large intestine
what is the sixth and final stage of the digestive process
solid waste moves into the rectum and is passed out
calorie requirments
memorize it
what is dehydration?
a state of abnormal depletion of body fluids.
what are the functions of water in the body?
Water bathes cells, aids in fluid and electrolyte balance, maintains pH balance, and transports molecules and cells through the body.
what percent of daily water needs are met through food?
Twenty percent of daily water needs are met through food.
Under what conditions might higher water intake be needed?
Extra fluid may be needed with illness, some health conditions, the elderly, very young, or with exercise in hot weather.
List five functions of protein
Major component of cells
“Body builders”
Element in antibodies, enzymes, and hormones
Helps transport iron, oxygen, and nutrients to all cells
Supplies another source of energy to cells when fats and carbohydrates are not available
What does the body break proteins down into?
Your body breaks proteins down to smaller nitrogen containing amino acids, nine of which are essential and cannot be produced by the body
what are complete proteins?
Complete proteins are dietary proteins that supply all the essential amino acids
what are incomplete proteins?
Incomplete proteins are proteins from plant sources that lack one or more of the essential amino acids.
How often does the USDA recommend eating fish?
USDA recommends consuming fish twice a week
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates supply us with the energy needed to sustain normal daily activity.
where are simple carbohydrates found?
Simple carbohydrates are found naturally in fruits, many vegetables, and dairy.
What are some simple carbohydrates? What two types?
Monosaccharides (glucose and fructose)
Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
Where are complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) found?
Complex carbohydrates are found in grains, cereals, legumes, and other vegetables.
Starches and glycogen
Fiber (soluble or insoluble)
What is contained in the bran of a kernel of wheat?
High fiber
B vitamins
Phytochemicals
Minerals
Germ
Vitamin E Healthy unsaturated fats Antioxidants Phytochemicals Minerals B vitamins
Endosperm
starch
protein
B vitamins
What is the most common form of fat circulating in the blood?
Triglycerides are the most common form of fat circulating in the blood.
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is an oily substance in food derived from animals; our liver can also make all we need.
what are the functions of high density lipoproteins?
High density lipoproteins (HDLs) removed cholesterol from dying cells and from plaques within blood vessels.
what do low density lipoproteins do?
Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) can stick to the lining of blood vessels, contributing to the plaque that causes heart disease.
What are the two types of dietary fats and where do they come from?
Saturated fats come from animal sources.
Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, come from plants, and include most vegetable oils.
What are the two types of fatty acids?
Monounsaturated fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
How are trans-fats produced?
Trans-fats are produced by adding hydrogen molecules to liquid oil, making a solid or semi-solid at room temperature.
how and why to avoid trans-fats?
Most trans fatty acids are found in the processed foods made with partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs), produced when hydrogen is added to a vegetable oil to solidify it.
The FDA issued a preliminary determination that PHOs are no longer recognized as safe for consumption.
What is the benefit of a balanced high fat diet?
Balanced high-fat diets can produce significant improvements in weight loss, blood fat, and blood glucose measurements.
What percent of calories should come from saturated fat? What percent from all fats?
No more than 7 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and no more than 35 percent from all forms of fat.
What is the cardiovascular system?-
The cardiovascular system is the network of organs and vessels through which blood flows as it carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body.
How many times a day does the heart contract.
Contracts 100,000 times per day
What is the role of the heart
Transports nutrients, oxygen, waste products, hormones, and enzymes throughout the body.Aids in regulating temperature, cellular water levels, and acidity levels of body components
Helps defend the body against toxins and harmful microorganisms
what do arteries branch into?
aterioles
What do arterioles branch into?
capillaries
what do veins branch into?
venules
what is the first stage of blood passing though the heart?
Blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava.
what is the second stage of blood passing through the heart?
Blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle and out into to the lungs through the pulmonary veins
what is the 3rd stage
blood picks up oxygen and discards carbon dioxide in the lungs. it then goes through th pulmonary veins
what is the fourth stage?
oxygenated blood is forced from the left atrium into the left ventricle, from ther it is pumped through the aorta into the rest of the body’s blood vessels
what percent of all deaths are caused by cardiovascular disease in the U.S.
33
what does hypertension refer to?
sustained high blood pressure
what is the relationship between hypertension and CVD?
In general, the higher your blood pressure, the greater your risk for CVD.
When is high blood pressure usually diagnosed?
High blood pressure is usually diagnosed when the systolic pressure is 140 or above.
What is a normal BP reading?
less than 120 systolic/ less than 80 diastolic
What is a prehypertension bp reading
120-139 sys/ 80-89 dia
What is a hypertension 1 reading?
140-159 sys/ 90-99 dia
what is a hypertension 2 reading?
160+ or 100+
Describe Atherosclerosis
In this condition, fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin (a clotting material in the blood) build up in the inner lining of an artery.
What else is Atherosclerosis often called?
coronary artery disease (CAD).
Why is Atherosclerosis called coronary artery disease?
This is due to the damage to the body’s main coronary arteries on the outer surface of the heart
What is the a limited supply of blood and oxygen called?
Atherosclerosis and other circulatory impairments also often reduce blood flow and limit the heart’s blood and oxygen supply, a condition known as ischemia.
when aetherosclerosis occurs in the lower extremities what is it called?
When atherosclerosis occurs in the lower extremities, such as in the feet, calves, or legs, or in the arms, it is called peripheral artery disease (PAD).
What is the greatest killer of all the major cardiovascular diseases?
Of all the major cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease (CHD) is the greatest killer, accounting for about 1 in 6 deaths in the United States.
what is a myocardial infarction?
A myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, involves an area of the heart that suffers permanent damage because its normal blood supply has been blocked.
what is a coronary thrombosis?
A coronary thrombosis is a clot that can cause an MI
what is an embolus?
An embolus is a thrombus (clot) that has become dislodged and moves through the circulatory system.
what is collateral circulation?
Collateral circulation is an adaptation of the heart that occurs with a minor blockage where new vessels enlarge or grow to reroute needed blood through other areas.
What heart attack symptoms are more common in women?
unusual weakness
unusual fatigue
sleep disturbances
indigestion, flulike symptoms
What heart attack symptoms are more common in men?
crushing or squeezin chest pain
pain radiating down arm neck or jaw
in the case of chest discomfort or pressure with shortness of breath vomiting or lightheadedness what are women more likely to experience?
Pressure than pain
when does a strok occur?
A stroke (or cerebrovascular accident) occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted, killing brain cells, which have little capacity to heal or regenerate.
what might symptoms of stroke include?
Symptoms of stroke may include dizziness, weakness, numbness, impaired speech, memory, or motor control.
what are ischemic strokes caused by?
Ischemic strokes are caused by plaque or a clot that reduces blood flow.
What are hemmorrhagic strokes cause by?
strokes are due to bulging or rupture of a weakened blood vessel.
what is an aneurysm?
An aneurysm is the most life-threatening hemorrhagic stroke.
what are transient ischemic attacks?
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are brief interruptions of the brain’s blood supply that cause temporary impairment
a thrombus is a blood vessel disorder that can lead to a stroke. What is it?
A thrombus is a blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel and blocks the flow of blood at its origin
An embolus is a blood vessel disorder that can lead to a stroke. What is it?
An embolus is a blood clot that breaks off from its point of formation and travels in the bloodstream until it lodges in a narrowed vessel and blocks blood flow.
A hemmorage is a blood vessel disorder that can lead to astrok. What is it>
A hemmorage occurs when a blood vessel bursts allowing blood to flow into the surrounding tissue or between tissues.
An aneurysm i s ablood vessel disorder that can lead to a stroke. What is it?
An aneurysm is the bulging of a weakened blood vessel wall.
what are other cardiovascular diseases of concern.
angina pectoris, arrythmias, ocngestive heart failure, and congenital cardiovascular defects.
What is Angina pectoris?
Angina pectoris is a condition caused by reduced oxygen flow to the heart; often feels like pressure or squeezing in the chest or pain in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.
What are arrythmias?
Arrhythmias are irregularities in heart rhythm that may result in dizziness, fainting, or heart fluttering, palpitations, or racing.
What is Bradycardia?
Bradycardia: Abnormally slow heartbeat
What is congestive heart failure?
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is damaged or overworked and lacks the strength to keep blood circulating normally through the body.
what is a congenital cardiovascular defect?
Congenital cardiovascular defect means the problem is present at birth.
What is Rheumatic heart disease?
Rheumatic heart disease is attributed to rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease caused by unresolved strep throat.
What are the greatest contributors to CVD burden?
suboptimal diet, followed by smoking, high BMI, high blood pressure, high fasting glucose, and physical inactivity.
What blood pressure risk factors are associated with risk of metabolic syndrome?
Systolic greater than or equal to 130 mm Hg
Diastolic greater than or equal to 85 mm Hg
elevated waist circumference
men: greater than or equal to 40 inches
women: greater than or equal to 35 inches
Elevated bloo triglycerides (metabolic syndrome risk
0
Greater than or equal to 150 mg/d;
Reduced Blood Hdl Cholesterol (Metabolic syndrome risk)
Men: Less than 40 mg/dL
Women: Less than 50 mg/dL
Fasting Vlood Glucose (Metaolic Sydrome Risk)
Greater than or equal to 100 Mg/dL
List modifiable Risks
.Avoid Tobacco Smoke .Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol .Modiy other dietary habits .Maintain a healthy weight .Exercise regularly Control diabetes and blood pressure Manage stress levels
Are lower or higher numbers better for toral cholesterol level?
Lower
What is a desirable total cholesterol level?
Less tan 200 mg/dL
Are Higher or lower numbers better for HDL cholesterol leve?
higher
What is a desirable HDL cholesterol level?
60 mg/dL and above
Are lower or higher numbers better for LDL Cholesterol?
low
What is an optimal LDL cholesterol level?
less than 100 mg/dL
Are lower or higher numbers better fro Triglyceride level?
lower
What is a normal Triglyceride level?
Less than 150 mg/dL
What are some risk factors for CVD that cannot be prevented or controlled.
Race and ethnicity
Heredity
Age
Gender
What is the significance of inflammation and C reactive protein to CVD?
Inflammation and C-reactive protein
Inflammation—which occurs when tissues are injured, for example, by bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat—may play a major role in atherosclerosis development.
During an inflammatory reaction, C-reactive proteins (CRPs) tend to be present in blood at high levels.
What is Homocysteine?
Homocysteine
An amino acid normally present in blood, at higher levels it appears to increase risk for coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and increased risk of stroke.
What are some techniques for diagnosing CVD?
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Angiography (cardiac catheterization)
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
What are some surgical options for treating CVD?
Coronary bypass surgery
Angioplasty
Stent
What are other options for treating CVD?
Drug therapies (aspirin, clot busting therapy) Cardiac rehabilitation and recovery
What is a new growth of tissue with no physiological function?
neoplasm, a new growth of tissue serving no physiological function.
What are the two types of tumors?
Tumors may be malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous).
How can it be determined whether tumors are malignant or benign?
The only way to determine whether a tumor is malignant is through biopsy, or microscopic examination of cell development.
What is Metastasis?
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells to other organs
What are Carcinomas?
Carcinomas: Epithelial tissues (tissues covering body surfaces and lining most body cavities) are the most common sites for cancers.
What are Sarcomas?
Sarcomas: Sarcomas occur in the mesodermal, or middle, layers of tissue—for example, in bones, muscles, and general connective tissue.
what are lymphomas?
Lymphomas: Lymphomas develop in the lymphatic system—the infection-fighting region of the body—and metastasize through the lymphatic system.
what is Leukemia?
Leukemia: Cancer of the blood-forming parts of the body, particularly the bone marrow and spleen
Into what two categories do specific causes of cancer fall?
Specific causes of cancer fall into two major classes: hereditary risk and acquired (environmental) risk.
