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Regulatory Physiology and Pharmacology > Obesity > Flashcards

Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the result of metabolic stress?

A 
metabolic syndrome
central obesity
dyslipidemia
insulin resistance
T2DM
CVD
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2
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

weight/height2

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3
Q

What are the ranges of BMI?

A

up 25 - healthy
25-29.9 - overweight
30-39.9 - obese
>40 - morbidly obese

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4
Q

What are the major factors influencing obesity?

A

genetics

environment

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5
Q

What are the major contributers to disease and premature mortality?

A 
T2DM
high BP
heart attack
certain cancers
osteoarthritis
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6
Q

When is the risk of T2DM increased?

A

BMI of over 30

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7
Q

What are the potential consequences of diabetes?

A 
stroke
respiratory disease
heart diease
gall bladder disease
osteoarthritis
dementia
NAFLD
diabetes
cancer
hyperuricemia
gout
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8
Q

Why do we need fat?

A

energy storage
prevention of starvation
energy buffer during illness

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9
Q

What are the CNS influences on energy balance and body weight?

A

Behaviour - feeding and physical activity
ANS activity - regulates energy expenditure
Neuroendocrine system - secretion of hormones

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10
Q

What is the neural centre responsible for energy intake?

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

What lesions induce leanness and obesity?

A

ventromedial hypothalamus - obesity

lateral hypothalamus - leanness

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12
Q

What are the satiation signals?

A

signals that increase during a meal to limit meal size

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13
Q

What are the satiation signals and where do they come from in the GI tract?

A

CCK - enteroendocrine cells -> nucleus of solitary tract in hind brain
PYY - mucosal L cells -> hypothalamus
GLP-1 - released form L cells -> Hypo and NTS
OXM - oxyntic cells of sm. intestine
Obestatine - cells lining stomach and sm.intestine

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14
Q

What is the effect of PYY?

A

inhibits gastric motility, slows emptying and reduces food intake

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15
Q

What is the effect of GLP-1?

A

inhibits gastric emptying and reduces food intake

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16
Q

What is the effect of OXM?

A

inhibits appetite

17
Q

What is the effect of Obestatin?

A

reduces food intake

18
Q

What is the effect of Obestatin?

A

reduces food intake

19
Q

Where is ghrelin produced?

A

oxyntic cells of the stomach

20
Q

What stimulates ghrelin?

A

fasting and hypoglycaemia

21
Q

What is adaptive thermogenesis?

A

increasing energy expenditure by uncoupling oxidative metabolism from ATP production

22
Q

What is the key protein in adaptive thermogenesis?

A

UCP1

23
Q

How is UCP1 activated?

A

fatty acids

24
Q

What does UCP1 do?

A

short circuits the proton gradient in the mitochondria to accelerate fuel oxidation and produce heat

25
Q

What long-term appetite controllers stimulate food intake?

A

glutamate, gaba and opioids

26
Q

What long-term appetite controllers inhibit food intake?

A

monoamines

27
Q

What two hormones produced in peripheral tissues act on the hypothalamic neurons?

A

insulin and leptin

28
Q

Where is leptin made and release?

A

fat cells

29
Q

What do leptin and insulin communicate to the brain?

A

fat status - as fat increases do they

tell brain to eat less and burn more

30
Q

What is the Ob/Ob mouse mutation?

A

inability to produce leptin

31
Q

What is the Ob/Ob mouse mutation?

A

inability to produce leptin

32
Q

What does reduced leptin induce?

A

starvation response which causes unrestrained appetite

33
Q

What are the signs of the Ob/Ob mouse?

A

hyperphagia, reduced energy expenditure, hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia

34
Q

How can you rescue the Ob mouse?

A

administering leptin

35
Q

What is different in the db/db mouse?

A

it has an leptin insensitive receptor

36
Q

What are the signs of the db/db mouse?

A

hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, insulin resistant

37
Q

Where are there high levels of leptin receptor?

A

arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus

38
Q

What are the biological roles of leptin?

A 
food intake and energy expenditure
angiogenesis
tumourigenesis
bone formation
maintenance of reproductive system
maintenance of immune system
peripheral glucose homeostasis
39
Q

What are the roles of insulin?

A

inhibits food intake

circulates in proportion to body adiposity

Regulatory Physiology and Pharmacology (14 decks)

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