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Regulatory Physiology and Pharmacology > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 stages of sexual arousal?

A

excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution

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2
Q

What happens to males during excitement?

A

testicular vasocongestion

erection

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3
Q

What happens to females during excitement?

A 
vasodilation of vagina and swelling of labia
erection of clitoris
lubrication of vagina
enlargement of breasts
flush to skin
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4
Q

What kind of nervous supply causes the erection?

A

parasympathetic

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5
Q

What is the plateau phase in men?

A

increase HR, BP, resps, muscle tension

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6
Q

What is the plateau phase in women?

A

same as males but also uterus raises, lifts cervix and enlarges upper 1/2 of vagina to make room for ejaculate

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7
Q

What happens during orgasm?

A

rhythmic contractions of pelvic muscles every 0.8s
increase HR, BP, resp rate muscle tension
ejaculation in men
intense physical pleasure

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8
Q

What are the phases of ejaculation?

A

emission and explusion

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9
Q

What happens during emission?

A

sympathetic response causes contraction of the glands in prostate, reproductive ducts and seminal vesicles into the urethra

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10
Q

What happens during expulsion?

A

motorneurons induce rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscle and force semen out

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11
Q

What is the amount of semen produced per ml?

A

66million/ml

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12
Q

What is considered to be clinically infertile?

A

> 20million/ml

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13
Q

Approximately what percentage of sperm reach the ovum and when?

A

0.001% about 30-60 mins after ejaculation

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14
Q

What is capacitation?

A

the process sperm must go through in order to be capable of fertilisation

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15
Q

What happens during capacitation?

A

surface of sperm altered by removal of glycoprotein
tail movements become whip-like
cAMP levels rise to promote acrosomal reaction

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16
Q

What happens upon sperm entry to the ovum?

A

stimulates Ca release which blocks polyspermy

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17
Q

What happens upon sperm entry to the ovum?

A

stimulates Ca release which blocks polyspermy

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18
Q

What are the chemicals used by the sperm to penetrate the egg?

A

Allurin
Fertilin
Acrosomal reaction

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19
Q

What is allurin?

A

released by mature ovum to guide sperm to the egg using an olfactory receptor

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20
Q

What is fertilin?

A

protein on sperm that binds to integrin on oocyte

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21
Q

How is the ovum guided to the oviduct?

A

by fimbriae sweeping it in by smooth muscle contraction and cilia

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22
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

the blastocyst that accomplishes implantation and develops into fetal portions of the placenta

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23
Q

What happens upon implantation?

A

trophoblast cells burrow into the endometrium carving a hole for the blastocyst

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24
Q

What happens when implantation is finished?

A

the blastocyst is completely buried in the endometrium

25
Q

How do the trophoblasts burrow into the endometrium?

A

by releasing proteases

26
Q

What becomes the foetal placenta?

A

synctiotrophoblast

27
Q

What occurs with decidualisation?

A

increased local vascularisation and nutrient storage for the blastocyst

28
Q

When is the blastocyst completely buried?

A

by day 12

29
Q

How does the embryo get nutrients from the maternal blood supply?

A

sends capillaries into the synctiotrophoblast to form placental villi

30
Q

What prevents the mixing of maternal and feotal blood?

A

the villi and maternal blood are separated by a thin layer of tissue

31
Q

When are the placenta and foetal heart functional?

A

by week 5

32
Q

What hormones maintain during the 1st trimester?

A

hCG - produced by blastocyst

33
Q

What is the function of hCG?

A

maintains corpus luteum and thus progesterone and oestrogen until week 10

34
Q

What is the function of hCG?

A

maintains corpus luteum and thus progesterone and oestrogen until week 10

35
Q

Why does oestrogen not come from the placenta initially?

A

the placenta does not posses DHEA from the feotal adrenal cortex to convert progesterone to oestrogen at first

36
Q

What is the role of oestrogen in pregnancy?

A

stimulates growth of myometrium musculature

stimulate development of mammary gland ducts

37
Q

What is the role of progesterone in pregnancy?

A

suppresses contraction of uterine myometrium
promotes formation of mucus plug
stimulate development of mammary milk glands

38
Q

What are the physical changes the mother undergoes?

A 
enlargement of uterus and placenta
enlargement of breasts 
increase blood vol
weight gain
increase ventilation
increase GFR
increased nutritional requirements
39
Q

Why does the blood vol increase?

A

oestrogen stimulates angiotensin and renin secretion which results in aldosterone which retains Na and water

40
Q

What are the endocrine secretions of the placenta?

A 
hCG
oestrogen and progesterone
hCS
PTH-related peptide
Relaxin
Placental CRH
41
Q

What is the function of hCS?

A

decreases maternal blood glucose use, increases plasma FA

prepares breasts for lactation

42
Q

What is the function of pTH-rp?

A

mobilises maternal Ca for calcification of foetal bones

43
Q

What is the function of relaxin?

A

softens cervix, loosens pelvic connective tissue

44
Q

What is the function of placental CRH?

A

stimulates DHEA production by fetal adrenal cortex, important for initiating partuition

45
Q

What does partuition require?

A

dilation of cervical canal

contractions of uterine myometrium

46
Q

What happens in preparation of partuition?

A

Braxton-hicks
softening of cervix - relaxin and prostaglandins - breaks down cervical collagen fibres
relaxation of pelvic bones - relaxin
foetus drops

47
Q

What appears to initiate labour?

A

increased oxytocin receptors triggered by increase estrogen and prostaglandins which increases uterine contraction

48
Q

What happens in the first stage of labour?

A

cervix dilates

rupture of amniotic sac

49
Q

What happens during the second stage of labour?

A

delivery of baby by uterine and abdominal contractions

50
Q

What happens during the third stage of labour?

A

delivery of placenta

51
Q

What is involution?

A

shrinkage of uterus to pre-pregnancy size

lochia

52
Q

What is involution induced by?

A

fall in oestrogens and progesterone

oxytocine released in response to breast feeding

53
Q

What do breast ducts terminate in?

A

lobules made of milk producing glands

54
Q

What triggers development of the breast?

A 
increased oestrogen (duct) and progesterone (lobule)
prolactin - enzymes that produce milk
55
Q

What does suckling trigger?

A

neuroendocrine reflex -> prolactin and oxytocin

56
Q

What are the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in breast feeding?

A

prolactin - milk production

oxytocin - milk ejection

57
Q

What is the role of oxytocin in gestation and post-partum?

A

stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells
hastens involution
suppresses LH and FSH and thus menstrual cycle

58
Q

What are the components of breast milk?

A

water, particles isotonic with plasma, lactose, lipids, vitamins, minerals, immunoprotective agents, other proteins including immunoglobulins

59
Q

How many calories does breast milk have per L?

A

600-750kcal

Regulatory Physiology and Pharmacology (14 decks)

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