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Regulatory Physiology and Pharmacology > Male and Female Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Male and Female Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ducts that all embryos have?

A

Wolffian ducts

Mullerian ducts

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2
Q

Which ducts develop in males?

A

Wolffian

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3
Q

Which ducts develop in females?

A

Mullerian ducts

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4
Q

What prevents the Mullerian ducts developing in females?

A

testosterone and Mullerian Inhibiting factor

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5
Q

What is testosterone stimulated by in physiological development?

A

hCG from the placenta

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6
Q

What is testosterone converted to after week 6?

A

DHT

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7
Q

What does DHT stimulate in males?

A

the genital tubercle to become the glans penis with urethral opening
The urethral folds to close
The Genital swellings to develop into the scrotum and shaft of the penis

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8
Q

What happens to the female genitalia?

A

Genital tubercle becomes clitoris
urethral fold remains open
Genital swelling becomes labia

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9
Q

What are the glands associated with the penis?

A

Prostate, bulburethral, seminal vesicle

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10
Q

What are the two functions of the testes?

A

producing sperm and secreting testosterone

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11
Q

What is 80% of the testicular mass?

A

seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

Where do Leydig cells appear?

A

in connective tissue between seminiferous vesicles

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13
Q

What is Cryptorchidism?

A

When the testes have not descended in adulthood

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14
Q

Why is it important for the testes to descend?

A

Lower temp outside the body to facilitate spermatogenesis

nerve reflexes trigger muscle movement in the scrotal sac to lower/raise testes according to external temp

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15
Q

What are the 5 types of effects of testosterone?

A 
before birth
on sex-specific tissues
other reproductive events
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive events
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16
Q

What is the effect of testosterone before birth?

A

masculinises the reproductive tract and external genitalia

promotes descent of testes into scrotum

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17
Q

What is the effect of testosterone before birth?

A

masculinises the reproductive tract and external genitalia

promotes descent of testes into scrotum

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18
Q

What is the effect of testosterone on sex-specific tissues?

A

promotes growth and maturation of repro system
causes testes to enlarge and start spermatogenesis
maintains repro tract through life

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19
Q

What are the other reproductive effects of testosterone?

A

develops libido

controls GnRH

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20
Q

what are the effects of testosterone on secondary sex characteristics?

A

enlarges larynx and thickens vocal cords
induces male pattern hair growth
thickens skin
causes male body shape

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21
Q

What are the effects of testosterone on non reproductive events?

A

promotes protein and bone growth
closes epiphyseal plates
induces oil secretion - acne
aggressive behaviour

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22
Q

What are the two types of cell involved with spermatogenesis?

A

germ cells

sertoli cells

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23
Q

how long does sperm differentiation take?

A

64 days

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24
Q

What are spermatogonia differentiated into and how?

A

mitotic proliferation to primary spermacytes

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25
Q

How are primary spematocytes converted to secondary spermatocytes?

A

1st meiotic division

23 double stranded chromosomes

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26
Q

What happens to the secondary spematocytes at the second meiotic division?

A

become 2 single stranded spermatids

27
Q

What stages is testosterone required for?

A

mitosis and meiosis

28
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

the packaging of spermatids to spermatozoa and removal of unnecessary cellular components and rebuilding into specialise motile sperm

29
Q

What is required for spermiogenesis?

A

FSH

30
Q

what does acrosome contain?

A

enzymes for penetration of the ovum

31
Q

What are the roles of the sertoli cells?

A 
form a blood-testes barrier
provide nutrients
phagocytosis
secrete seminiferous tubule fluid
secrete androgen binding protein
secrete inhibin 
secrete Mullerian inhibiting factor in fetus
32
Q

What hormones control the testes?

A

LH

FSH

33
Q

What hormones control the testes?

A

LH

FSH

34
Q

What does the seminal vesicle secrete?

A

fructose

prostaglandins for motility

35
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete?

A

alkaline fluid to neutralise vaginal acid secretions

clotting of semes to keep sperm in vagina during penis withdrawl

36
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland secrete?

A

mucus for lubrication

37
Q

What are the essential reproductive functions of the female tract?

A 
production of ova
reception of sperm
transport of sperm and ova to site of fertilisation
gestation
partuition
nourishment of infant through lactation
38
Q

What is different about oogenesis?

A

has the same meiotic and mitotic divisions but is suspended at birth until puberty

39
Q

What stages of oogenesis have occured before birth?

A

mitotic

arrested at first meiotic division

40
Q

What happens at puberty?

A

primary oocyte reaches maturity and completes first meiotic division before ovulation

41
Q

What does fertilisation trigger?

A

second meiotic division to create 3 polar bodies

42
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase

luteal phase

43
Q

What happens during the follicular phase?

A

maturation of the egg, ready for ovulation at mid cycle

44
Q

What happens during the luteal phase?

A

development of corpus luteum

induces preparation of reproductive tract for pregnancy

45
Q

What does the corpus luteum do?

A

secretes progesteron and oestrogen to prepare the uterine lining

46
Q

How long does the corpus luteum survive if no fertilisation occurs?

A

8-9 days growth degrades after 14 days

47
Q

What does the degeneration of the corpus luteum signal?

A

start of a new follicular phase

48
Q

What is the function of estrogen during most of the ovarian cycle?

A

inhibits LH and FSH release

49
Q

When does estrogen stimulate a spike in LH?

A

around days 12-14

50
Q

What does the spike in LH cause?

A

ovulation

51
Q

When does progesterone start to increase?

A

after ovulation

52
Q

When does estrogen peak?

A

12-14 daysa

53
Q

When is the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

5-15 days

54
Q

What phase follows the proliferative phase?

A

the secretory phase days 15-28

55
Q

What phase follows the proliferative phase?

A

the secretory phase days 15-28

56
Q

When does the anterior pituitary start to increase the amount of FSH and LH secreted?

A

a few days before menstruation

57
Q

What does the surge in LH do other than trigger ovulation?

A

stimulates development of follicle cells into corpus luteum

58
Q

What causes the menstruation?

A

the lack of progesterone

59
Q

what does the decrease in estrogen and progesterone do?

A

reduce negative feedback on the anterior pituitary

60
Q

What is adrenarche?

A

growth spurt and pubic hair growth

61
Q

What is thelarce?

A

breast development starts

62
Q

what is menarche?

A

onset of menstrual cycle

63
Q

What is the menopause?

A

oestrogen withdrawl when FSH levels rise but oestrogen, progesterone and inhibin fall
causes cessation of ovulation and menstruation

64
Q

What are some of the long term side effects of menopause?

A

hot flushes
vaginal and uterine atrophy
decreased breast size
long term susceptibility to osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease

Regulatory Physiology and Pharmacology (14 decks)

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