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Regulatory Physiology and Pharmacology > Fuel Use > Flashcards

Fuel Use Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physiological actions of insulin?

A

increase glucose uptake by cells
increase glycogenesis
decrease glycogenolysis
decrease gluconeogenesis

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2
Q

What is GSK3?

A

Phosphorylates glycogen synthase inactivating it, so phosphorylate it to allow glycogen synthesis

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3
Q

What are FOXO genes?

A

genes which allow gluconeogensis

phosphorylation takes them out of the nucleus

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4
Q

What does p70S6 do?

A

stimulate protein synthesis

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5
Q

What is the action of insulin on the hepatocyte?

A 
stimulates glycolysis
stimulates glycogen synthase
stimulates fatty acid synthesis
inhibits futile cycling
suppresses gluconeogenesis
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6
Q

What enzymes are involved in preventing futile cycling?

A

PFK2

FBPase-2

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7
Q

What does FBPas-2 do?

A

inhibits the conversion of F1,6,BP to F-6P

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8
Q

WHat does PFK2 do?

A

stimulate conversion of F-6P to F1,6BP

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9
Q

How are PFK2 and FBPase activated by insulin?

A

insulin promotes their dephosphorylation

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10
Q

What are the enzymes involved in the conversion of Acetyl coA to Fatty acids?

A

acetyl co A carboxylase

fatty acid synthase

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11
Q

What is the action of glucagon?

A

increases glycogenolysis
increases gluconeogenesis
suppresses glycolysis

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12
Q

What is the signalling pathway of glucagon?

A

Gas -> AC -> increase cAMP and PKA

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13
Q

How does glucagon suppress futile cycling?

A

allosterically by phosphorylation

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14
Q

What are the other counter-regulatory responses?

A

epinephrine, GH, cortisol

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15
Q

At what point do patients experience symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

A

less than 3mmol/l

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16
Q

At what point do patients experience symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

A

less than 3mmol/l

17
Q

What are the main features of diabetes?

A

hyperglycaemia
glucosuria
EC glucose high with IC glucose low

18
Q

What are the criteria for diabetes?

A

FPG >7.0mmol/l
OGTT >11.1mmol/l after 75glucose load
IGT = FPG 7.8 but

19
Q

What is HbA1c?

A

gives an average of blood glucose from past three months but can be affected by several factors, including anemia, pregnancy and uraemia

20
Q

What is the diabetes diagnosis for Hb1AC?

A

> 6.5%

pre-diabetes 5.7-6.4%

21
Q

What is the definition of T1DM?

A

pancreatic b-cell destruction

characterised by the presence of anti-GAD or anti-islet antibodies

22
Q

What is the definition of T2DM?

A

diagnosis of exclusion

23
Q

What other types of diabetes are there?

A

MODY

Secondary causes

24
Q

When does T1DM start and how quickly?

A

childhood/adolescence
very fast
no dyslipidemia

25
Q

What are the different forms of MODY?

A

transcription factors - deteriorate - most common
glucokinase - stable - 20%
MODY X - no clue

Regulatory Physiology and Pharmacology (14 decks)

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