Obesity Flashcards
What is the OCED health statistics for overweight as of 2023-2024?
60.0%
What are the unhealthy habits that can lead to being overweight?
- Unhealthy diets
- Sedentary activities (watching tv)
- phyical activities
- not consuming sufficient amount of fruit and vegetables
What are the OCED health statistics for pre-obese and obese adults in 2024 for Canadians?
Overweight
- Men 70%; Women 59%; 5-19 years old 32%
Obesity
- Men 30%; Women 29%; 5-19 years olds 12%
From the OCEB The Heavy Burden of Obesity, in Canada overweight-attributable reduction in life expextancy
7, which is above average indicating increased risk for chronic diseases and reduction in life expectancy
Asscociated with overweight/obese
What is the projected rates of obesity?
It is projected that by 2050 there will be around 92 million premature deaths from obesity-related diseases
What is the normal BMI?
18.5-24.9
What is obese BMI?
30 or above
What are increased risk for obesity?
- Coronary heart disease
- Heart failure
- Hypertension
- Stroke
- Type 2 diabetes
- Some cancers
- Osteoarthritis
- Sleep apnea
- Reproductive problems
- Gall stones
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver
- Dementia
Clicker Question 1
You are counseling a 25-yr old man who weighs 107 kg and is 1.83 m tall. Based on his BMI you can conclude:
A) He is at very high risk for developing health problems such as type 2 diabetes and CHD
B) He is at high risk for developing health problems such as type 2 diabetes and CHD
C) He may be at high risk for developing health problems such as type 2 diabetes and CHD, depending on his body
composition, lifestyle etc
D) You cannot make any conclusions based on BMI alone
C) He may be at high risk for developing health problems such as type 2 diabetes and CHD, depending on his body
composition, lifestyle etc
What are the assessment for BMI in children?
- Up to age 19 y, defined using BMI-for-age
- Overweight: ≥ 85th percentile, < 95th percentile
- Obese: ≥ 95th percentile
Using the WHO growth chart, 4 yr old, BMI 14: 15th percentile. What does this tell you?
This 4 yr old is not overweight/obese
What is adiposity rebound?
1st year, body development and growth rate fast and gain of adipose tissue
Then in childhood around 5-6 yr old another gain of adipose tissue defined as “adiposity rebound”
- even earlier higher chances to remain overweight later in life to those who have it later in age
What is the assoication between BMI and death?
BMI had a J-shaped assoications with overall mortality and most specific causes of death
- lower BMI and higher BMI was associated with increased mortality risk for mental and behavioural, neurological, and external causes
What is BMI intended to tell us?
Adiposity
- Proxy for % body fat
- A limitation of BMI is that it does not necessarily tell us about adiposity
What is the difference between apple and pear distribution?
Pear: fat stores around hips predominate
Apple: fat stores around waist predominate
What is the difference between subcutaneous and visceral fat?
Subcutaneous fat: Just under the skin
- insulation, energy source, cushioning
Visceral fat: deep inside abdomen, surrounding organs
- protects organs
- linked to chronic diseases
What is waist circumference?
- Better predictor of viseral fat
- If waist circumference is larger than a particular cut-off number, risk for heart disease, hypertension and T2D
- With age higher waist circumference
What are the possible links between obesity & chronic disease?
Large size
- increased strain on heart, joints, etc
Adipose (particularly visceral) is metabolically active
- Plays a role in inflammation - obesity is associated with a pro-inflammatory state
Other metabolic effects assoicated with obesity/excess food intake:
- insulin resistance, altered serum lipids, hypertension
What are “causes” of obesity?
Energy imbalance
- energy intake > energy expenditure
- genetics, diet, pollution
Regulate the imbalance within a certain range
- Energy expenditure decreases during underfeeding and increases (somewhat) during overfeeding
What are genetics factors?
may predispose individuals to have
higher energy intake (poor appetite regulation) or lower energy expenditure
What are environmental factors?
Increase energy intake
and decrease energy expenditure = obesogenic
What are factors that increases energy intake & decrease energy expenditure?
Genetics factors
Environmental factors
What regulates appetite?
Hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC):
* Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) appetite-inhibiting neurons
* Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) appetite-stimulating co-expressing neurons
What is orexigenic?
appetite increasing
