Final Review Questions Flashcards
Which of the following would be the best answer for the following true/false question?
Sodium and potassium intakes are positively associated with hypertension.
A) True
B) False: Potassium is NOT positively associated with
hypertension.
C) False: Potassium is positively associated with reduced risk of hypertension
D) False: Potassium is inversely associated with hypertension.
D) False: Potassium is inversely associated with hypertension.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT about the association between fat and risk of type 2
diabetes?
A) A high fat diet may be associated with increased risk of
type 2 diabetes
B) The type of fat (quality of fat) in the diet may be more
important than the total amount of fat in terms of the link between fat and risk of type 2 diabetes
C) Diet rich in animal-based fats is NOT associated with high risk of type 2 diabetes
D) Lower glycemic load foods contain less fat and decrease risk of type 2 diabetes
B) The type of fat (quality of fat) in the diet may be more
important than the total amount of fat in terms of the link between fat and risk of type 2 diabetes
Phosphorus is a component of bones which:
A) Strengthens bones when consumed in high quantities
B) Increases bone resorption when consumed in high
quantities
C) Increases bone mass through bone resorption when consumed in high quantities
D) Increases bone mass by promoting calcium retention when consumed in high quantities
B) Increases bone resorption when consumed in high
quantities
Adiposity rebound in childhood is defined as:
A) the second rise in body mass index that occurs between 3 and 7 years of age
B) a rise in body mass index that occurs in first year of life
C) the second rise in body mass index whose early occurrence decreases risk of obesity later in life
D) The third rise in body mass index whose early occurrence increases risk of obesity later in life
A) the second rise in body mass index that occurs between 3 and 7 years of age
Sugar-sweetened beverages may be associated with increased risk of obesity because:
A) the soft drinks replace water in fluid consumption, making GI tract function slower
B) soft drinks may replace water consumption, leading to dehydration and compensatory over eating
C) soft drinks do not contain fiber, which makes the emptying of the GI tract faster
D) high-fructose corn syrup used in these beverages is not under the same metabolic control as glucose
D) high-fructose corn syrup used in these beverages is not under the same metabolic control as glucose
Which of the following nutrients will impact the rate of DNA methylation in human body?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Vitamin B12
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin K
E) Tyrosine
B) Vitamin B12
“Is a Population-Wide Decrease in Sodium Intake Needed?” Which of the following statements
answers best this question?
A) Yes, because higher sodium intakes are associated
with higher blood pressure
B) Uncertain, because very low levels of sodium intake
may be associated with increased risk of CVD
C) No, because benefits of reducing salt are not
supported by experimental studies
D) Yes, because of equal benefits of reducing salt at
individual level
B) Uncertain, because very low levels of sodium intake may be associated with increased risk of CVD
Would you recommend high dose of beta-carotene supplements for reduction of cancer risk to someone who used to smoke?
A) No, because high dose of beta-carotene supplements increases
risk of lung cancer in individuals who smoke or used to smoke
B) Yes, because high dose of beta-carotene supplements increases risk of lung cancer in individuals who smoke but not in former smokers
C) Uncertain, because there is limited-suggestive evidence that
high dose of beta-carotene supplements increases risk of lung cancer
D) Yes, because there is convincing evidence that high dose of beta-carotene supplements protect from different cancers
A) No, because high dose of beta-carotene supplements increases
risk of lung cancer in individuals who smoke or used to smoke
Lentils have ____ glycemic index and ____
glycemic load because they contain ____ amount of carbohydrates in one serving.
A) low, high, small
B) high, low, high
C) high, low, small
D) low, high, high
???
Elizabeth, 35 years old, heard from her doctor that she is at higher risk for cardiovascular disease development. She
wants to take steps to reduce the risk. Which of the following would you NOT recommend her to do?
A) Increase vitamin D intake because low vitamin D is associated with higher risk of CVD
B) Decrease magnesium intake because high magnesiumis associated wiith higher risk of CVD
C) Increase vitamin E intake because anti-oxidants may protect the arterial wall and prevent LDL oxidation and hence
atherosclerosis
D) Increase intake of fiber-rich foods because fiber improves glycemic control, insulin resistance and weight control
B) Decrease magnesium intake because high magnesiumis associated wiith higher risk of CVD
How would you conclude results depicted in the attached
figure?
CON: control, omega-3 fatty acid (FA) adequate diet in pregnancy, suckling and post-weaning
REC: omega-3 FA deficient diet in
pregnancy & suckling, switched to
control diet post-weaning
DEF: omega-3 FA deficient diet in
pregnancy, suckling and post-
weaning
A) Omega-3 FA deficiency must be experienced in utero and in early life in order to lead to health challenges in the offspring later in life
B) Omega-3 FA deficiency during fetal development although corrected in early life is sufficient to cause increased food intake in the offspring
C) Omega-3 fatty acids are crucial regulatory players in fetal organ
development
D) Switching omega-3 deficient diet to control omega-3 adequate diet post-weaning corrects consequences of deficiency caused by in utero exposure
B) Omega-3 FA deficiency during fetal development although corrected in early life is sufficient to cause increased food intake in the offspring
Paternal olfactory experience can be transferred to future generations:
A) only if similar olfactory exposure will occur in utero
B) only if similar olfactory exposure will occur in first months of life
C) because of genetic changes in sperm DNA
D) because of epigenetic changes in sperm DNA
E) Paternal experience cannot impact health of the offspring later in life
D) because of epigenetic changes in sperm DNA
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generated by gut bacteria can be used as a source of energy by human body cells. This
statement is:
A) True, because SCFAs can enter the portal vein and then be distributed to peripheral cells for beta oxidation and TCA cycle
B) True, because SCFAs can be directly converted to citric acid in the gut which enters the portal vein and is distributed to peripheral cells for beta oxidation and TCA cycle
C) True, because SCFAs activate GPCR receptors that are responsible for activating energy production pathways
D) False, SCFAs cannot cross to the blood stream and stay in the gut acidifying the environment in the colon
A) True, because SCFAs can enter the portal vein and then be distributed to peripheral cells for beta oxidation and TCA cycle
Ketogenic diet has been approved as a therapeutic
approach in:
A) Epilepsy in children
B) Epilepsy in children and adults
C) Alzheimer’s disease
D) Parkinson disease
A) Epilepsy in children
Vitamin D and _________ complex binds to
____________ and regulates _____________ , which is a possible mechanism of protective effects of Vitamin D in cardiovascular disease.
A) Vitamin E, DNA, gene expression
B) receptor, DNA, gene expression
C) receptor, cell surface, cellular uptake
D) Vitamin E, cell surface, cellular uptake
B) receptor, DNA, gene expression
Bone remodeling primarily occurs in childhood and adolescence. This statement is:
A) False: bone remodeling occurs throughout lifespan. Bone MODELLING occurs mainly in childhood and
adolescence.
B) True
C) False: bone remodeling occurs mostly after 65 years of age.
D) False: bone remodeling occurs only after an injury when a repair is needed.
A) False: bone remodeling occurs throughout lifespan. Bone MODELLING occurs mainly in childhood and
adolescence.
How is diabetes disgnosed?
- Fasting plasma glucose level
- Oral glucose tolerance test: within 2 hr post glucose consumption
- Glycated hemoglobin A1C: relfects blood glucose levels within 2-3 months
Describe two ways in which sodium intake can be measured.
For each list one strength and three possible limitations
- Dietary estimates (dietary recalls/records, FFQ)
Stregnths: simple, non-invasive, could be done remotely
Limitations:
* Over/underestimate portion sizes
* Missed addition of salt/condiments at table
* Differences in sodium content of similar foods
* Accurate database for sodium content of foods
* Single recall may not be representative of usual intakes - Urinary sodium excretion (approx. dietary intake, urinary excretion at one time point or over 24 hrs)
Strengths: Semi-quantitative, takes into account absorption and sodium balance, more accurate than dietary measures
Limitations:
* Medical condition and Hydration status
* Incomplete collection
* High participant burden (may lead to drop-outs)
* Differences in losses in sweat & feces
* Lab error and day to day variation
* Modifying intake because know being measured
What is a relative risk (RR) and what is a 95% confidence interval (CI)?
Relative risk: likelikhood that outcome occures in exposed group compared to unexposed group, equal to
Risk of outcome among exposed/Risk of outcome in unexposed
95% confidence intervals (CI): a range of values we are fairly sure our true value lies in. RR is statistically significant when CI does NOT include 1.0.
Explain how vitamin D is related to calcium and implications of low vitamin D or low calcium intakes for bone health.
– Increases calcium reabsorption in kidney
– Increases calcium absorption in intestine
– Increases resorption of calcium (demineralization) from bone
- With inadequate vitamin D intakes, calcium absorption and reabsorption will be lower, and therefore less calcium will be available for bone.
- With inadequate calcium intakes, vitamin D will “steal” calcium from bone to maintain serum calcium levels. Thus, adequate intakes of both calcium and vitamin D are important for bone health.
