Dementia Alzheimer's Disease Flashcards
What is dementia?
- Neurocognitive disorder
Chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning
What is the common type of dementia?
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of a progressive dementia in older adults
What is Alzheimer’s disease?
Memory disorder, cognitive disorder, executive dysfuction, and personality and behavior changes, and is accompanied by mental disorder symtoms
- affecting daily functioning
What are causes of dementia?
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Damage to the vessels that supply blood to the brain
- Lewy bodies in the brain (clumps of protein)
- Degeneration of nerve cells in the brain
- Huntington’s disease (nerve cells dysfunction)
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (accumulation of abnormal
protein in the brain) - Parkinson’s disease
- Infections and immune disorders
- Nutritional deficiencies (dehydration, deficiency of
vitamin B1, B6, and B12)
What are modifiable risk factors of dementia?
- Alcohol abuse
- Cardiovascular risk factors
- Depression
- Diabetes (management)
- Smoking
- Sleep apnea
What are non-modifiable risk factors of dementia?
- Older age
- Family history
- Down syndrome
- Mild cognitive impairment
What is the linked between dementia and insulin
- insulin resistance in the brain and various dementia stages, including memory loss, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzhemier’s
What is type 3 diabetes?
occurs when neurons in the brain become unable to respond
to insulin, which is essential for basic tasks, including memory and learning.
- Some researchers believe insulin
deficiency is central to the cognitive decline of Alzheimer’s disease
What are the brains fuel?
- Glucose: your brain is designed to metabolize glucose 99+% of your life
- Ketone bodies: resorts to ketone body metabolism as an emergency backup fuel when carbohydrates are limites
How does insulin resistance affect brain fuel?
Brain insulin resistance
* Less response to insulin
* increases amyloid-beta (Aβ) - sticky proteins that
from clumps
- plaques (harmful protein clumps in the brain)
- Oligomers/ADDLs (toxic small protein bundles)
Plaques and oligomers
- Trigger stress in brain cells and reduce activity in cell survival pathway P13K-Akt
Increased Tau pathology
* Stabilize the structure inside brain cells
* abnormal - twists and from tangles can lead to cell damage and death
How is ketogenic diets used for treatment?
Ketogenic diet
* high fat
* adequate protein
* low carbohydrates
Used to epilepsy treatment in children: ketosis leads to reduced epileptic seizures
What are positive effects of intermittent fasting in dementia?
- Improvement of inflammatory response
- the promotion of neurotransmitter secretion
- improvement of synaptic plactcity
- Suppression of vascular inflammation
- improvement of brain insulin resistance
- the promotion of nuerogenesis
What are the benefits of fasting-minicking diet?
- Attenuate cognitive decline
- Reduce Alzheimer’s disease pathology
- Reduce neuroinflammation
- Enhance neurogenesis in AD mouse models
- Is safe and feasible in a small group of AD patients
What is a fasting-mimicking diet?
Low-calorie/low proetin but high-saturated fat diet
Kinase __________ phosphorylates ___________ protein leading to its accumulation which is linked to _________ pathology.
A. AKT, amyloid-beta, Alzheimer’s
B. GSK3, Tau, Alzheimer’s
C. GSK3, synuclein, diabetic brain
D. AKT, Tau, diabetic brain
B. GSK3, Tau, Alzheimer’s
What is MIND diet?
Mediterranean-DASH intervention Neuoodegeneratvie delay
* may hold potential benefits for cogntive health but not differ signifcantly
What is COSMOS study?
- In-person detailed neuropsychological assessment
COSMOS-Web study - Daily MVM supplementation improves memory in older adults (1y and 3y)
COSMOS-Clinic - daily MVM leads to a significantly more favorable 2y changes in episodic memory
- global cognition and epsiodic memory
