Gut Microbiome Flashcards
What is a microbiome?
the collection of genomes from all the microorganisms found in a particular environment
What is a microbiota?
all the microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, that are found within a specific environment
What is the gut microbiota?
- Microbes in intestine (gut)
- Trillions of micro-organisms helping to break down otherwise indigestible foods
- Suggested to influence human health
What are the two groups of beneficial bacteria dominant in the gut?
Bacteroidetes
Firmicutes
How does obestiy changes in gut microbiome?
- Relative proportion of bacteroidetes is decreased in people with obesity in comparion with lean people
- This proportion increases with weight loss on two types of low calories diet
- Obesity potentially having a microbiral component
- Potential for therapeutic benefit
How does the bacterial compostion in the gut microbiota influence obesity?
Firmicutes facilitates obese phenotype
Bacteroidetes associated with lean phenotype
From the literature, co-housing of mix microbes in mice. What was the results?
- Obese gut microbiota lead to increased adiposity in mice
- Lean gut microbiota leas to lean mice
- Lean phenotype associated with greater diversity in microbes -more bacteroidetes
- Adding “obese microbes” to mice tranplanted with “lean microbes” does not lead to obesty
- But adding “lead microbes” to mice transplanted with “obese microbes” does preven weight gain
How does diet effect microbiota?
Health-promoting microbiota
* Diet low in animal fat and protein but high in plant fibres = microbiota related to metabolic health
Aberrant microbiota
* Diet high in animal fat and protein but low in plant fibres = aberrant microbiota related to metabolic diseases
What are metabolic disorder linked to gut dysbiosis?
- Obesity
- T2D
- Metabolic liver disease
- Cardio-metabolic disease
- Malnutrition
What are untargeted microbiota-directed interventions?
- Exercises
- Indiviualized nutrition
- Fecal microbiota transplantation
- Prebiotics and Prebiotics
- Synbiotcs
- Postbiotics
These lead to general improvement in microbial compostion and functions
What are targeted microbiota-directed interventions?
- Bio-engineered commensals
- Drugs targeting selected microbial metabolism
- Phage therapy
- CRISPR-Cas-based therapy
Lead to specfic modification in metabolism-related gut microbiota
The fetal origins of adult disease (FOAD) hypothesis was introduced based on the
pioneer findings by:
A. Dr. Barker
B. Dr. Calkins
C. Dr. Devaskar
A. Dr. Barker
What are the processes/mechanisms that
can explain the fetal origins hypothesis?
A. Developmental plasticity and programing
B. Altering organ development or function
C. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression
D. All the above
D. All the above
Which of the following statements about the fetal origins hypothesis is FALSE?
A. It says that risk for chronic disease may be influenced by
the environment the fetus experiences in utero
B. It recognizes early postnatal life exposures as another
sensitive period to shape human health later in life
C. It excludes paternal experiences as a factor that could
influence health of the offspring
B. It recognizes early postnatal life exposures as another
sensitive period to shape human health later in life
What are the role of diet in gut microbiota?
- Prebiotics
- Probiotcs
- Fiber
- Methyl donor deficiency
What are prebiotics?
indigestible fibers that may
promote growth of certain gut bacteria species
What are probiotics?
live micro-organisms that may alter gut microbiota
What are benefits of low-fermentable fiber?
Low-fermentable fiber (LF) supplementation following oral fecal microbial transplantation imroved insulin sensitivtiy from baseline (BL) to 6 wks in patients with severe obesity and metabolic syndrome
Which of the following foods are substrates for gut bacteria to produce SCFA?
A. Non-fermentable fiber
B. Highly fermentable fiber
C. All types of fiber
D. None of the above
B. Highly fermentable fiber
What is Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA)?
Estimates steady state beta cell function (%B) and insulin sensitivity (%S), as percentages of a normal references population
What is Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA 2) calculator?
Tool used to express the degree of insulin sensitivity (IS) and insulin resistance (IR) in the patient from the patient from the following biomarkers: Fasting Blood Glucose, Fasting Insulin and/or C-Peptide
What are the potential mechanisms gut microbiota?
- Harvesting of unabsorbed food
- Interact with immune response in the gut
- May influence hormones invloved in appetite and metabolic regulation
- Production metabolites and microbiral products such as short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and lipopolysaccharides
What is the relationship between gut microbiota and brain?
Data are accumlating on how the gut microbiota significantly affects the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal (GI) and the brain
What is murine methyl donoe deficiency (MDD)?
antibiotic that inhibits growth of folate-producing gut bacteria
What does MDD effect on the gut microbiota?
Decreases intestinal microbiota community diversity
