Obesity

Question 1

Define obesity.

Answer 1

A state of excess storage of body fat. Overweight is defines as excess body weight for height.

Question 2

What is the normal fat percentages for men and women respectively?

Answer 2

Men=15-20%

Women=25-30%

Question 3

What does BMI sand for?

Answer 3

Body mass index.

Question 4

How do you calculate BMI?

Answer 4

Weight in kg divided by height squared in meters.

Question 5

How do you calculate body fat percentage?

Answer 5

Percent body fat=(1.20BMI)=(0.23AGE)-(10.8*SEX)-5.4

SEX (MALE=1)(FEMALE=0)

Question 6

What are some of the factors that form part of the aetiology of obesity?

Answer 6

Genetic predisposition, disruption in energy balance, environmental factors, social factors, behavioural factors, mental and physical factors, drugs, physiological factors, endocrine disorders.

Question 7

What are the two main factors that play a role in causing obesity?

Answer 7

Energy intake factors and Energy expenditure factors.

Question 8

Name some of the energy intake factors that causes obesity.

Answer 8

Diet composition.
High fat diet.
Diet energy density.
High fiber diet.
Moderate/high physical activity; can alter energy intake and/or food selection. 
Hormonal/CNS control of appetite. 
Body mass.
Energy expenditure.

Question 9

Name some of the Energy expenditure factors that causes obesity.

Answer 9

Resting metabolic rate.
Themic effect of food.
Physical activity.
Sedentary behaviours.
Body composition. 
Total energy intake and composition of diet can increase or decrease energy expenditure.

Question 10

What are the four areas of the drivers of obesity in SA?

Answer 10

Insufficient physical activity.
Poor diet.
Lack of knowledge.
Poor early childhood feeding practices.

Question 11

What BMI defines morbid obesity in surgical literature?

Answer 11

40-50

Question 12

What BMI defines severe obesity in surgical literature?

Answer 12

> 40

Question 13

True or false: Obesity is associated with a host of comorbidities that increase morbidity and morality.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What aspects are used to further associate obesity with comorbidity?

Answer 14

Fat distribution, waist circumflex, age of obesity onset, intra-abdominal pressure.

Question 15

What are some of the complications that can arise from obesity?

Answer 15

Sex hormone imbalance (Hormone dependent tumours).
Increased free fatty acids (metabolic syndromes)
Physical stress (sleep apnoea, osteoarthritis, low back pain, shortness of breath)
Quality of life (anxiety, low self efficacy, low self esteem, disordered eating patterns, potential low economic outcomes, depression)

Question 16

What are some of the consequences of obesity on emotional health?

Answer 16

Anxiety, Severe depression, Helplessness, Self consciousness, Isolation, Stigma, Insomnia, Negative self-worth, Lack of motivation.

Question 17

What are some of the physical consequences of obesity?

Answer 17

Type 2 diabetes.
Dyslipidemia.
Cancer risk.
Mood disorders.
Heart disease.
Reproductive disorders.
Liver disease.
Hypertension.
Osteoarthritis.
Body pain.
Sleep apnoea.
Stroke.

Question 18

What are some of the aspects that have to be integrated into a weight loss program?

Answer 18

Identification of reasonable weight goals.
Healthy eating components.
Physical activity.
Behavioural and psychological components.
Pharmaceutical managements.
Bariatric surgery.

Question 19

In which forms are the components for weight loss able to be delivered?

Answer 19

Individual consultations. 
Self-help books.
Websites and apps.
Group-based programs.
Incentives.
Smart tech.
Prepared food products.

Question 20

What are some of the components included in the healthy eating aspect of weight loss?

Answer 20

Individual energy calculations.
Portion size control.
Meal plans.
Dietary guidelines and food guides.
Individualized macronutrient distribution..
Reading labels, 
Recipes adjustments. Energy vs. nutrient density.
Breakfast skipping.
Snacking.

Question 21

At which point in time does weight loss peak, and in which time frame is an individual most likely to regain weight?

Answer 21

Weight loss peaks at 6 months, and regain occurs from 1-2 years.

Question 22

What are the factors that are associated with weight loss success?

Answer 22

Support, level of engagement, adherence, duration, self-monitoring and self-efficacy, early response, satiety, level of food addiction, impulsive behaviour, diet preference.

Question 23

What are some of the comorbidities associated with obesity?

Answer 23

Pulmonary disease (abnormal function, obstructive sleep apnoea, hypoventilation syndrome).
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (stenosis, ).
Gall bladder disease.
Gynecologic abnormalities (abnormal menses, infertility, polycystic ovarian syndrome).
Oseoarthiritis.
Skin.
Gout.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
Stroke.
Cataracts.
Coronary heart disease. Severe pancreatitis.
Cancer (breast, uterus, cervix, colon, esophagus, pancreas, kidney, prostate).

Question 24

Describe some of the psychosocial consequences of obesity.

Answer 24

Economical impact.
Prejudice and discrimination.
Considered lazy and incompetent and problems with job applications.