Cellular Adaptations Flashcards
Name the two different types of change cells can undergo.
Physiological and pathologic
What happens during hypertrophy?
Cells size increases. Increase in functional capacity or organ. Increase in size of the organ.
Reason for physiologic change during hypertrophy
Increase in functional demand.
Specific hormonal situation.
Reasons for pathologic change in hypertrophy
Adaptive hypertrophy
Compensatory hypertrophy
Hormonal hypertrophy
Describe the process of hyperplasia
The number of cells increase. size of organ increases..
Reasons for physiologic change during hyperplasia
Hormonal
Compensatory
Reasons for pathologic change during hyperplasia
Excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulated
Wound healing
Due to viral infections
Cancer
Explain what atrophy of cells are.
A decrease in the size of cells. By loss of substance . When enough cells are involved, the entire size of the organ can decrease.
Reasons for physiologic change in atrophy
Decreased workload
Loss of hormonal stimulation
Senile
Pressure atrophy
Explain metaplasia.
The transformation of one cell type of tissue into another type of the same orientation.
Cells sensitive to a particular stress are replaced by other cells types better able to withstand the adverse environment.
Name the two types of metaplasia.
Epithelial metaplasia
Connective tissue metaplasia
Elaborate on epithelial metaplasia
Squamous metaplasia
e.g. on cervix
Elaborate on Connective tissue metaplasia.
Bone occasionally forms at the foci of injury. Muscle tissue to bone in traumatic myositis ossifications.
Explain Dysplasia
The loss of architectural orientation of the cells and loss of uniformity of the individual cells and increased cell growth.
Explain Neoplasia.
New, uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiological control.
An abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change.
Which type of cell can differentiate into multiple tissues including bone, cartilage, muscle, fat and connective tissue?
Mesenchymal cells.
Explain the growth rate, growth pattern, differentiation and metastization of benign neoplasms.
Slow growth
Expansile growth
Well differentiated
Non metastization
Explain the growth rate, growth pattern, differentiation and metastization of mlignant neoplasms.
Fast growth
Infiltrative growth
Poorly differentiated
Frequent Metatasis
Malignant form of epithelial cells.
– Carcinoma
Benign form of epithelial cells.
– papilloma
Glandular- Adenoma
Malignant form of mesenchymal cells
–sarcoma
Name the 4 types of spread of malignant neoplasms
Direct spread-Continuity & Contiguity
Lymphatic spread
Haematogenous spread
Transcoelomic spread (across the peritoneal cavity)
Tumor staging classification?
TMN
What does T stand for in tumor staging?
T-size and extent of primary tumour
What does M stand for in tumour staging?
M-distance of metastase
What does N stand for in tumour staging?
N-regional lymph node involvement
What are the local effects of neoplasms?
Compression/obstruction
Destruction
Haemorrhage
Infection
What are the systemic effects of neoplasms?
Cachexia Anorexia Malabsorption Metabolic processes of the cancer Ectopic hormone production
