Cellular Adaptations

Question 1

Name the two different types of change cells can undergo.

Answer 1

Physiological and pathologic

Question 2

What happens during hypertrophy?

Answer 2

Cells size increases. Increase in functional capacity or organ. Increase in size of the organ.

Question 3

Reason for physiologic change during hypertrophy

Answer 3

Increase in functional demand.

Specific hormonal situation.

Question 4

Reasons for pathologic change in hypertrophy

Answer 4

Adaptive hypertrophy
Compensatory hypertrophy
Hormonal hypertrophy

Question 5

Describe the process of hyperplasia

Answer 5

The number of cells increase. size of organ increases..

Question 6

Reasons for physiologic change during hyperplasia

Answer 6

Hormonal

Compensatory

Question 7

Reasons for pathologic change during hyperplasia

Answer 7

Excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulated
Wound healing
Due to viral infections
Cancer

Question 8

Explain what atrophy of cells are.

Answer 8

A decrease in the size of cells. By loss of substance . When enough cells are involved, the entire size of the organ can decrease.

Question 9

Reasons for physiologic change in atrophy

Answer 9

Decreased workload
Loss of hormonal stimulation
Senile
Pressure atrophy

Question 10

Explain metaplasia.

Answer 10

The transformation of one cell type of tissue into another type of the same orientation.
Cells sensitive to a particular stress are replaced by other cells types better able to withstand the adverse environment.

Question 11

Name the two types of metaplasia.

Answer 11

Epithelial metaplasia

Connective tissue metaplasia

Question 12

Elaborate on epithelial metaplasia

Answer 12

Squamous metaplasia

e.g. on cervix

Question 13

Elaborate on Connective tissue metaplasia.

Answer 13

Bone occasionally forms at the foci of injury. Muscle tissue to bone in traumatic myositis ossifications.

Question 14

Explain Dysplasia

Answer 14

The loss of architectural orientation of the cells and loss of uniformity of the individual cells and increased cell growth.

Question 15

Explain Neoplasia.

Answer 15

New, uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiological control.
An abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change.

Question 16

Which type of cell can differentiate into multiple tissues including bone, cartilage, muscle, fat and connective tissue?

Answer 16

Mesenchymal cells.

Question 17

Explain the growth rate, growth pattern, differentiation and metastization of benign neoplasms.

Answer 17

Slow growth
Expansile growth
Well differentiated
Non metastization

Question 18

Explain the growth rate, growth pattern, differentiation and metastization of mlignant neoplasms.

Answer 18

Fast growth
Infiltrative growth
Poorly differentiated
Frequent Metatasis

Question 19

Malignant form of epithelial cells.

Answer 19

– Carcinoma

Question 20

Benign form of epithelial cells.

Answer 20

– papilloma

Glandular- Adenoma

Question 21

Malignant form of mesenchymal cells

Answer 21

–sarcoma

Question 22

Name the 4 types of spread of malignant neoplasms

Answer 22

Direct spread-Continuity & Contiguity
Lymphatic spread
Haematogenous spread
Transcoelomic spread (across the peritoneal cavity)

Question 23

Tumor staging classification?

Answer 23

TMN

Question 24

What does T stand for in tumor staging?

Answer 24

T-size and extent of primary tumour

Question 25

What does M stand for in tumour staging?

Answer 25

M-distance of metastase

Question 26

What does N stand for in tumour staging?

Answer 26

N-regional lymph node involvement

Question 27

What are the local effects of neoplasms?

Answer 27

Compression/obstruction
Destruction
Haemorrhage
Infection

Question 28

What are the systemic effects of neoplasms?

Answer 28

Cachexia
Anorexia
Malabsorption
Metabolic processes of the cancer
Ectopic hormone production