OB Lingo

Question 1

Gravida / Para: Total number of pregnancies.

Gravida / Para: Number of pregnancies carried to viability (20 weeks or more).

For example, a woman who is pregnant for the second time and had one previous birth at full term would be Gravida __ , Para __

Answer 1

Gravida (G): Total number of pregnancies.

Para (P): Number of pregnancies carried to viability (20 weeks or more).

For example, a woman who is pregnant for the second time and had one previous birth at full term would be Gravida 2, Para 1.

Question 2

(Gravida): The total number of pregnancies, regardless of the outcome.

T (Term births): The number of pregnancies carried to term (37 weeks or more).

P (Preterm births): The number of pregnancies that resulted in preterm births (between 20 and 37 weeks).

A (Abortions): The number of pregnancies that ended in miscarriage or abortion before 20 weeks.

L (Living children): The number of children currently living.

For example, if a woman has been pregnant 3 times, with 1 term birth, 1 preterm birth, 1 miscarriage, and 2 living children, her GTPAL would be
G__ T__ P__ A__ L__

Answer 2

G3 T1 P1 A1 L2.

Question 3

SAB

Spontaneous abortion, also known as a miscarriage, refers to the natural loss of a pregnancy before the ____ week of gestation.

Answer 3

20th

Question 4

VTP , VIP, MIP

Mean….

Answer 4

Voluntary (termination/interruption) of Pregacy.

Abortions

MIP = Dr. Suggested Abortion

Question 5

Very Preterm: Babies born before ___ weeks of gestation. These babies often require intensive medical care due to underdeveloped organs and systems.

Moderately Preterm: Babies born between ___ weeks of gestation. These infants may still need medical support but are generally less at risk than very preterm babies.

Late Preterm: Babies born between _____ weeks of gestation. Although they are closer to full-term, late preterm babies can still face challenges such as respiratory issues, difficulty feeding, and maintaining body temperature.

Answer 5

Very preterm = <32

Moderate preterm = 32 and 34

Late Preterm = 34 and 36

Question 6

Early Term: Babies born between ____________ of gestation. While these babies are considered mature, they may still face some issues like respiratory problems or difficulty feeding compared to full-term infants.

Full Term: Babies born between ____________ of gestation. This is the optimal time for birth, as babies born during this period are typically fully developed and ready for life outside the womb.

Late Term: Babies born between ______________ of gestation. These babies are still considered healthy, but there may be an increased risk of complications, such as reduced amniotic fluid or placental insufficiency, as the pregnancy extends beyond the expected duration.

Post Term: Post-term pregnancy occurs when gestation goes beyond _____
It can increase risks such as:

Low amniotic fluid
Placental insufficiency
Larger baby size
Meconium aspiration

Doctors often recommend inducing labor to prevent complications.

Answer 6

Early Term: 37 weeks 0 days and 38 weeks 6 days

Full Term: 39 weeks 0 days and 40 weeks 6 days

Late Term: 41 weeks 0 days and 41 weeks 6 days

Post Term: >42 weeks

Question 7

EDC & EDD

Answer 7

EDC: Estimated Date of Confinement
EDD: Estimate date of delivery
Aka due date.

Typically calculated as 40 weeks from the first day of her last menstrual period (LMP)

Question 8

GA

Answer 8

Gestational Age

Age of the pregnancy

typically measured in weeks, starting from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period (LMP).

It helps track the progress of the pregnancy and estimate important milestones, such as the due date.

Gestational age is commonly used to determine whether a baby is preterm, full-term, or post-term at birth

Question 9

EBL & QBL

Answer 9

Estimated Blood Loss = Visual estimate

An average EBL for a vaginal delivery is around 500 mL, and for a cesarean section, it’s around 1,000 mL.

Quantitative Blood Loss

Measured by weighing the sheets or using cylinders to measure it

Question 10

SVD & C/S

Answer 10

Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery

Delivered through the birth canal without the use of forceps, vacuum extraction, or a cesarean section

Cesarean Section

Incisions made in the mother’s abdomen and uterus.

Performed when a vaginal delivery would pose a risk to the mother or baby, such as in cases of fetal distress, placenta previa, or prolonged labor.

Question 11

PPH

Answer 11

PPH: Postpartum Hemorrhage.

It refers to excessive bleeding that occurs after childbirth. PPH is defined as blood loss greater than 500 mL following a vaginal delivery or 1,000 mL after a cesarean section.

Primary (early), occurring within the first 24 hours after delivery, or secondary (late), occurring from 24 hours to six weeks postpartum.

Causes:
Uterine atony
Retained placental fragments
Trauma during delivery

Requires prompt medical attention to prevent serious complications.

Question 12

SROM & AROM

Answer 12

SROM (Spontaneous Rupture of Membranes):

This occurs naturally when the amniotic sac breaks on its own before labor begins or during labor. It is often referred to as the “water breaking.”

AROM (Artificial Rupture of Membranes):

HCP ruptureS the amniotic sac during labor, typically to facilitate or accelerate labor progression.

Question 13

INC =

Answer 13

Incision

surgical cut made during procedures such as cesarean sections or episiotomies.

Question 14

LTCS

Answer 14

LTCS:; Lower Transverse Cesarean Section.

Incision horizontally across the lower segment of the uterus

Commonly used:
Lower complications
Less blood loss
Quicker recovery time compared to vertical incisions.

Safer future vaginal births, if desired, as it reduces the risk of uterine rupture in subsequent pregnancies

Question 15

Epis

Answer 15

Epis = episiotomy

Incision made in the perineum (the area between the vaginal opening and the anus) during childbirth.

Purpose of an episiotomy is enlarge vaginal opening to facilitate delivery.

Done forb risk of tearing or when the baby is in distress

Question 16

LAC…

Answer 16

A tear:
Lacerations can vary in severity and are classified into different degrees:

First-degree laceration: Involves only the vaginal mucosa and perineal skin.

Second-degree laceration: Extends through the vaginal mucosa, perineal skin, and underlying muscle.

Third-degree laceration: Involves the vaginal mucosa, perineal skin, underlying muscle, and anal sphincter.

Fourth-degree laceration: Extends through the vaginal mucosa, perineal skin, underlying muscle, anal sphincter, and into the rectal mucosa.

Question 17

REEDA

Answer 17

REEDA acronym to assess the healing of perineal lacerations or episiotomy sites after childbirth.

Redness: Check for signs of redness around the incision or laceration site, which could indicate inflammation or infection.

Edema: Assess for swelling in the area, which is common after delivery but should not be excessive.

Ecchymosis: Look for any bruising around the site, which can be a normal finding but may also indicate trauma.

Drainage: Monitor for any discharge from the site, which should typically be minimal. Increased drainage could indicate infection.

Approach: Evaluate the overall condition of the incision or laceration, including its alignment and whether it appears clean and intact.

Question 18

RhoGAM is an injection of Rh immunoglobulin given to prevent Rh incompatibility in pregnancies.

It is primarily used for ______ mothers who are carrying an ____ baby. Here’s how it works:

Answer 18

Rh-negative mothers

Rh positive babies

Question 19

RhoGAM is typically administered:

Answer 19

Around 28 weeks of pregnancy.

Within 72 hours after delivery if the baby is confirmed Rh-positive.

After any event where fetal blood could mix with the mother’s blood, such as miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, amniocentesis, or trauma.

Question 20

VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) and RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin) are both…..

Answer 20

blood tests used to screen for syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum

Question 21

GBS

Answer 21

Group B Streptococcus

commonly found in the intestines, rectum, and vagina of healthy adults.
Does not cause illness in adults, it can be dangerous for newborns if transmitted during childbirth.

GBS and Pregnancy: Pregnant women are often screened for GBS between 35 and 37 weeks of pregnancy. If the test is positive mother is given antibiotics before delivery

Question 22

HSV 1 & 2

Answer 22

Herpes Simplex Virus

1 mainly oral

2 mainly genital

Question 23

MFM

Answer 23

Maternal-Fetal Medicine.
Care of pregnant women, particularly those with high-risk pregnancies.
AKA Perinatologists

High-risk conditions like gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, or preterm labor.

Multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.).

Fetal abnormalities detected through imaging or testing.

Pregnancies complicated by maternal conditions like heart disease, hypertension, or autoimmune disorders.

Question 24

AMA

Answer 24

AMA stands for Advanced Maternal Age in obstetrics. It refers to women who are pregnant at 35 years of age or older.

Pregnancies in women of AMA are often considered higher risk because of increased chances of:

Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome)
Gestational diabetes
Preeclampsia
Preterm birth
Complications during labor and delivery

Question 25

FOB / SO

Answer 25

Father of baby

Significant other

Question 26

FOB

Answer 26

Father of baby

Question 27

BUFA

Answer 27

Baby up for adoption

Question 28

NAS

Answer 28

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Exposed to drugs, usually opioids, while in the womb. After birth, these babies may experience withdrawal symptoms as the drugs leave their system.

Common symptoms of NAS include:

Tremors or shaking
Irritability or excessive crying
Poor feeding or slow weight gain
Sleep disturbances
Seizures (in severe cases)

Treatment for NAS often includes supportive care, such as swaddling and quiet environments, and in some cases, medication to manage withdrawal symptoms.

Question 29

SVE

Answer 29

SVE: Sterile Vaginal Examination

Performed during labor to assess the progress of childbirth. The examination helps evaluate:

Cervical dilation (how open the cervix is, measured in centimeters).

Cervical effacement (how thin the cervix is, measured in percentages).

Fetal station (how far the baby’s head has descended into the pelvis, measured in relation to the ischial spines).

SVE is an important tool in monitoring labor progress and determining when delivery is imminent.

Question 30

D/E/S

It is used to describe the progress of labor during a vaginal examination:

_____Refers to the opening of the cervix, measured in centimeters from 0 to 10 cm.

_______ Refers to the thinning and shortening of the cervix, expressed as a percentage (0% to 100%).

____ Refers to the position of the baby’s head in relation to the mother’s pelvis, measured from -3 to +3, with 0 being at the level of the ischial spines.
These factors are important for determining how close the mother is to delivery.

Answer 30

/E/S stands for Dilation, Effacement, and Station in obstetrics. It is used to describe the progress of labor during a vaginal examination:

Dilation (D): Refers to the opening of the cervix, measured in centimeters from 0 to 10 cm.
Effacement (E): Refers to the thinning and shortening of the cervix, expressed as a percentage (0% to 100%).
Station (S): Refers to the position of the baby’s head in relation to the mother’s pelvis, measured from -3 to +3, with 0 being at the level of the ischial spines.
These factors are important for determining how close the mother is to delivery.

Question 31

Dilation explain in CM

Answer 31

In terms of cervical dilation, the following terms are commonly used during labor to describe the state of the cervix:

0 - 10 cm: This scale measures how open the cervix is during labor.
0 cm: The cervix is completely closed.
10 cm: The cervix is fully dilated, meaning it is open enough for the baby to pass through the birth canal.

Question 32

AL

Answer 32

Admits to Labor: The cervix is sufficiently dilated to admit the patient for active labor.

Question 33

Dilation C & P

Answer 33

C&P: Cervix is Closed and Posterior, meaning it has not yet dilated and is positioned towards the back.

Question 34

C & LD

Answer 34

C&LD: Cervix is Closed and Long and Distended, meaning it has not yet shortened (effaced) or dilated.
These terms help monitor labor progress

Question 35

Effacement…

% thinned

“Thick”

Answer 35

Thinning of the cervix in preparation for childbirth.

Cervix is normally 3-4 cm and thins. This is described by percentages

As labor approaches, the cervix softens, shortens, and becomes thinner to allow for the baby to pass through the birth canal.

Question 36

Station

-4 to +4

Describe

Answer 36

Station = Position of the baby’s head (or presenting part) in relation to the ischial spines of the mother’s pelvis during labor.

It helps assess how far the baby has descended into the birth canal.

The ischial spines are bony landmarks in the pelvis, and station is measured in centimeters above or below these spines.

0 Station: The baby’s head is at the level of the ischial spines. This is considered engaged, meaning the baby has descended into the pelvis and is in position for birth.

Negative Station (-1 to -5): If the baby’s head is still above the ischial spines, station is measured as negative numbers.
For example:

-1: 1 cm above the spines.
-5: The baby is still high in the pelvis.

Positive Station (+1 to +5): If the baby’s head is below the ischial spines, station is described in positive numbers.
For example:

+1: 1 cm below the spines.
+5: The baby’s head is crowning, meaning it is visible at the vaginal opening and ready for delivery.

Question 37

FF@U

Answer 37

FF@U: Fundus Firm at the Umbilicus

Normal after childbirth, particularly in the immediate postpartum period.

Fundus: Refers to the top of the uterus.

Firm: Indicates that the uterus is contracting properly, which is important to prevent excessive bleeding after delivery.

@U (At Umbilicus): Indicates that the top of the uterus is at the level of the mother’s umbilicus (belly button).

Uterus, firm and be located at the level of the umbilicus within the first 24 hours after birth, gradually shrinking down into the pelvis over the following days.

Question 38

BF

Answer 38

Breastfeeding

Question 39

BTL

Answer 39

Bottle feeding q 3-4h

Question 40

TOLAC

VBAC

Answer 40

TOLAC stands for Trial of Labor After Cesarean. It refers to the attempt to have a vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean section (C-section).

If successful, it results in a VBAC (Vaginal Birth After Cesarean).

Question 41

Newborn blood sugar protocol for
SGA & LGA

Answer 41

Blood glucose monitor begins within 1-2 hours of birth for both SGA and LGA

Risk for hypoglycemia.

Initial glucose check: Should occur within 30 minutes to 1 hour after feeding or shortly after birth if the baby is not feeding.

3. Target Blood Glucose Levels
   Normal blood glucose: >45 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L) is often considered a safe threshold.

Intervention is required: If blood glucose falls below 40-45 mg/dL (varies by hospital protocol).

Management Protocol

For both SGA & LGA infants:

Feed early: Encourage feeding (breast or formula) within the first hour of life to help maintain glucose levels.

Monitor glucose: Check blood sugar levels within 30 minutes to 1 hour after feeding.

If blood glucose is low:
First low reading (<40 mg/dL):

Encourage immediate feeding (breastfeeding or formula).

Recheck glucose levels in 30 minutes to 1 hour.

If still low (<40 mg/dL):

Consider oral glucose gel or another feeding.

Recheck glucose 30 minutes after intervention.

Persistent low glucose (<40 mg/dL after intervention):

Initiate intravenous (IV) glucose therapy if the infant does not respond to feeding or glucose gel.

Infants with signs of hypoglycemia (e.g., jitteriness, poor feeding, lethargy) should be treated promptly

Question 42

Preemie, GDM, IDDM

Answer 42

Preterm infants (preemies) <37 weeks

Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

Infants of diabetic mothers (IDDM)

require special monitoring and care due to the increased risk of complications, particularly hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

1. Preterm Infants (Preemies)
   Definition: Babies born before 37 weeks of gestation.

Key Concerns:
Hypoglycemia: Preterm babies often have immature liver function and low glycogen stores, making them prone to low blood sugar.

Temperature instability: Preemies are more likely to have difficulty regulating body temperature, which can exacerbate hypoglycemia.

Feeding difficulties: Preemies may have difficulty with feeding due to immature suck and swallow reflexes.

Protocol:
Early and frequent feedings: Begin within the first hour of life, either by breastfeeding, bottle feeding, or via tube feeding if the baby is too small or weak to feed orally.

Blood glucose monitoring: Glucose levels should be checked within 1-2 hours after birth and continue every 2-3 hours until stable (≥45 mg/dL).

IV glucose support: If feeding does not stabilize glucose levels or if the baby cannot feed, initiate IV dextrose.

Temperature monitoring: Maintain in a warmer to prevent cold stress, which can worsen hypoglycemia.

Preemie = <37 wks gestational age

GDM = mother had Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

IDDM = Infant of diabetic mothers

Question 43

ABX

Answer 43

Antibiotics

Question 44

BMZ

Answer 44

Betamethasone

Used:

If a woman is at risk of delivering prematurely due to conditions like preterm labor, preeclampsia, or premature rupture of membranes.

Helps develop the lungs by encouraging the production of surficant

Question 45

GHTN & PIH

Answer 45

GHTN Gestational Hypertension

Hiigh blood pressure that develops during pregnancy, typically after 20 weeks of gestation, in a woman who did not have high blood pressure before pregnancy.

Systolic ≥140 mmHg
Diastolic ≥90 mmHg
Two separate occasions at least 4 hours apart.

No proteinuria: Unlike preeclampsia, gestational hypertension is not associated with protein in the urine (proteinuria)

Monitoring: Women with GHTN require careful monitoring because the condition can progress to preeclampsia or lead to complications for both mother and baby.

Risks Associated with PIH:
Preterm birth: The need to deliver the baby early due to maternal or fetal complications.

Placental abruption: Premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, which can be life-threatening.

Fetal growth restriction: High blood pressure can affect blood flow to the baby, leading to slower growth.

Organ damage: Particularly affecting the mother’s liver, kidneys, or brain in severe cases.

Question 46

PreE

Answer 46

PreE Preeclampsia / Eclampsia

Serious pregnancy complication
High blood pressure
Damage to organs, typically the liver and kidneys. (Protein in Urine)
>20 weeks of pregnancy and can also develop postpartum.

Key Features of Preeclampsia:

High blood pressure: Blood pressure readings of 140/90 mmHg or higher on two separate occasions at least 4 hours apart.

Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine (≥ 300 mg in a 24-hour urine collection or a protein/creatinine ratio ≥ 0.3), indicating kidney involvement.

Other signs of organ dysfunction:

Elevated liver enzymes
Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
Severe headaches
Vision changes (blurred vision or light sensitivity)
Upper abdominal pain (especially under the ribs on the right side)

Causes and Risk Factors:

First-time pregnancy
Chronic hypertension or preexisting kidney disease
Diabetes (gestational or pre-existing)
Obesity
Multiple gestation (twins, triplets)
Age (women under 20 or over 35)
Family history of preeclampsia

If left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to serious complications for both the mother and baby, including:

Eclampsia: The development of seizures.

HELLP syndrome: A severe form of preeclampsia that includes Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets.

Placental abruption: The placenta separates from the uterine wall, which can be life-threatening.

Preterm birth: In severe cases, early delivery is necessary to protect both mother and baby.

Management:

Frequent monitoring: Blood pressure checks, urine tests, and fetal monitoring.

Medications:
Antihypertensives (e.g., labetalol, nifedipine) to lower blood pressure.

Magnesium sulfate: To prevent seizures if preeclampsia is severe.

Delivery: The only cure for preeclampsia is delivering the baby.

In cases of severe preeclampsia, early delivery might be recommended, even if the baby is preterm.

Question 47

Cephalic/ Vertex

Answer 47

Vertex or Cephalic presentation refers to the position of the fetus.

Head is down and is the presenting part during delivery. This is considered the optimal position for childbirth.

Question 48

EFM

Answer 48

EFM Electronic Fetal Monitoring.

Continuously assess the fetal heart rate (FHR) and the uterine contractions of the mother.

EFM is essential for monitoring the well-being of the fetus and ensuring a safe delivery.

Interpretation:

Normal FHR: A normal fetal heart rate typically ranges from 110 to 160 beats per minute (bpm).

Variability: Fluctuations in the fetal heart rate indicate healthy fetal autonomic nervous system function.

Decelerations: These are drops in fetal heart rate and can indicate issues:

Early Decelerations: Often benign and associated with contractions.

Variable Decelerations: May indicate umbilical cord compression.

Late Decelerations: May suggest uteroplacental insufficiency and require immediate attention.

Benefits:

Real-time Data: Provides continuous, real-time monitoring of fetal and maternal status.

Early Detection of Complications: Allows for quick identification of potential issues, enabling timely interventions to improve outcomes.

Question 49

FHT

Answer 49

FHT: Fetal Heart Tone.

Sounds produced by the fetal heartbeat, which can be monitored during pregnancy and labor to assess the well-being of the fetus.

Key Points about Fetal Heart Tones (FHT):
Monitoring Methods:

Doppler Device: A handheld device, ultrasound, detect and amplify the fetal heartbeat.

Electronic Fetal Monitoring (EFM):

Continuous monitoring of the fetal heart rate, typically during labor, using external or internal sensors.

Normal FHT:

Ranges from 110 to 160 bpm

Interpretation:

Variability: Fluctuations in the fetal heart rate are normal and indicate a well-functioning autonomic nervous system.

Accelerations: Temporary increases in heart rate can indicate fetal movement and well-being.

Decelerations: Drops in heart rate can signify potential issues, such as:

Early Decelerations: Often associated with contractions and are generally benign.

Variable Decelerations: Can indicate umbilical cord compression and may require further evaluation.

Late Decelerations: Often indicate uteroplacental insufficiency, requiring prompt intervention.

Question 50

ISL, FSE, FECG

Answer 50

Internal fetal heartrate monitor (More accurate & continuous than external)

ISL (Internal Scalp Lead)

FSE (Fetal Scalp Electrode)

FECG (Fetal Electrocardiogram).

Question 51

TOCO & IUPC

Answer 51

TOCO (Tocodynamometer) and IUPC (Intrauterine Pressure Catheter) are two types of monitoring devices used during labor to assess uterine contractions and fetal

TOCO (External Contraction Monitor)

Less accurate than internal

Measures the frequency, duration, and relative strength of uterine contractions.

IUPC (Intrauterine Pressure Catheter)

Placed inside the uterus through the cervix after membranes have rupture.

Measures the actual intrauterine pressure in mmHg during contractions, providing precise information about the strength and duration of contractions.

Can also provide continuous fetal heart rate monitoring if used in conjunction with a fetal scalp electrode.

Question 52

Prime

Answer 52

G1P0

Woman preggers for first time

Question 53

Multip / Multipara

Answer 53

Given birth before

Question 54

AFI

Answer 54

AFI: Amniotic fluid index

assess the amount of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus during pregnancy.

Measured by Ultrasound

Normal Ranges:

Normal AFI: Typically ranges from 8 to 18 centimeters.

Oligohydramnios: An AFI of less than 5 cm indicates low amniotic fluid, which can be associated with complications such as fetal distress or developmental issues.

Polyhydramnios: An AFI of greater than 18 cm indicates an excess of amniotic fluid, which may be linked to conditions such as gestational diabetes or fetal abnormalities.

Crucial role in cushioning the fetus, allowing for movement, and protecting it from trauma.

Question 55

AFI

*disorders associated with values

Answer 55

Low AFI (Oligohydramnios) can occur due to factors such as:
Placental insufficiency
Fetal renal anomalies (e.g., renal agenesis)
Rupture of membranes (PROM)

High AFI (Polyhydramnios) may be associated with:
Maternal diabetes
Fetal anomalies (e.g., gastrointestinal obstruction)
Multiple gestations

Question 56

LOF

Answer 56

Leakage of fluid typically refers to the escape of amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac.

(PROM): This occurs when the amniotic sac breaks before labor begins, leading to fluid leakage. If it happens before 37 weeks of gestation, it is referred to as Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM).

Spontaneous Rupture of Membranes (SROM): This occurs when the membranes rupture during labor, which is a normal part of the labor process.

Infection:

Cervical Insufficiency:

Clinical Significance:

The leakage of amniotic fluid can have implications for the pregnancy, including the risk of infection, umbilical cord compression, or preterm labor