Nx 102 Immunological Function Flashcards
Test 1
2 types of immunity
natural, acquired
natural immunity
nonspecific, present at birth, the first line of defense
acquired immunity
specific and develops after birth and after exposure to an antigen
2 types of acquired immunity
active - defenses developed by ones own body
passive - temporary; immunizations or through breast milk
3 responses to invasion
phagocytic response
humoral/antibody mediated response
cellular immune response
phagocytic immune response
- primarily involves granulocytes and macrophages (monoctye on roids)
- foreign particles and cellular debris are ingested and destroyed
humoral immune response
- begins with B lympoctyes that become antibody-producing plasma cells
- antibodies attempt to disable invaders
cellular immune response
-involves T lymphocytes that can turn in to cytotoxic (killer T) cells that can attack
antigens
foreign particle or organism that elicits an immune response
antibody
proteins produced by plasma cells that attack and bind to antigens
hypoactive immunity
immunodeficiency occurs
hyperactive immunity
hypersensitivity occurs
4 stages of the immune response
recognition
proliferation
response
effector
inflammation
a nonspecific defensive reaction to neutralize, control, or eliminate offending agent and prep site for repair
inflammatory response involves…
vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and leukocytic cellular infiltration
total leukocyte count
4800 - 10800/mm3
(60 - 80% granulocytes)
(20 - 40% lymphocytes)
3 granulocytes
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils
-primary phagocytes that arrive w/in 60 minutes
eosinophils
- respond to allergic reactions and parasites
- neutralize histamine
basophils
- function in hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions
- produce and store histamine
mast cell
- reside in connective tissue and function similarly to basophils
- release histamine, esp in hypersensitivity reactions
monocyte
- phagocytic leukocyte
- helps destroy causative agent and signals other processes of immunity
- become macrophages upon stimulation
lymphocytes
- produced from lymphoid stem cells
- B cells mature in bone marrow
- T cells mature in thymus
- responsible for delayed allergic reaction, tissue rejection, and tumor destruction (cellular immunity)
plasma cells
- differentiated from B cells
- produce immunoglobulin antibodies
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
heat redness swelling pain loss of function
heat & redness
after initial vasoconstriction, vasodilation occurs to increase blood flow to the site of injury/infection - this causes heat and redness
swelling
vascular permeability increases at injury site, plasma fluids leak into inflamed tissue
pain
swelling causes pressure on nerve endings (nocireceptors), nerves are also irritated by chemical mediators
loss of function
related to pain and swelling
replacement (types of wound healing)
1st intention: wound edges are approximated and little scarring occurs. (no granulation)
2nd intention: no approximation, wound fills with granulation, may scar and have loss of specialized function
3rd intention: no approximation, healing is slow, major scarring
5 types of exudates
serous - clear hemorrhagic - red fibrinous membranous - grayish purulent -yellow/green (infection!)
anaphylactic type I hypersensitivity
Most severe
Immediate reaction
Primary chemical mediators responsible
May be local or systemic
signs of anaphylactic type I hypersensitivity
edema, bronchospam, cardiovascular collapse, hypotension
cytotoxic type II hypersensitivity
system mistakes normal constituent of the body as foreign
associated with myasthenia gravis, goodpasture syndrome, infusion reactions, rh-disease of the newborn, drug induced immune associated hemolytic anemia
immune complex type III hypersensitivity
antibody-antigen immune complexes form and settle in connective tissue
joints and kidneys susceptible
assoc. w/ lupus, rheumatoid arthritis
delayed type IV hypersensitivity
known as cellular hypersensitivity
occurs w/in 24-72 hours after allergen exposure
mediated by t cells and macrophages
Infants are protected by ____
IgG, the rest don’t cross the placenta
examples of delayed type IV hypersensitivity
contact dermatitis - cosmetics, adhesive tape, topical agents, plant toxins, medication additives
