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Nx 102 Cancer Flashcards

Test 1

1
Q

tumor

A
  • lump, mass, swelling

- may be neoplastic mass or an accumulation of fluid

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2
Q

neoplasm

A
  • abnormal mass of tissue w/ no purpose
  • may be harmful to host
  • may be benign or malignant (CANCER)
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3
Q

cancer

A

-malignant neoplasms

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4
Q

most cancers occur in people older than ____

A

65

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5
Q

this is the second leading cause of death in the US

A

cancer (men: lung, prostate, colorectal. women: lung, breast, colorectal)

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6
Q

African american women have lower occurrences of cancer but higher death rates. Why?

A

exposure, economics, education, access to health care

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7
Q

definition of cell proliferation (as related to cancer)

A

uncontrolled growth w/ ability to metastasize, destroy tissue, or cause death

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8
Q

5 proliferative (growth) patterns

A
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • dysplasia
  • anaplasia
  • neoplasia
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9
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased cell production in a normal tissue or organ

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10
Q

metaplasia

A

conversion of mature cell into another type of cell

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11
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal development or growth of tissues organs or cells

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12
Q

anaplasia

A

loss of structural differentiation within a cell or group of cells
-differ from the parent cells

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13
Q

neoplasia

A
  • uncontrolled cell growth

- the process of tumor formation

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14
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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15
Q

cancer development, from normal to neoplastic, is ______, not a _______

A

a process; a single event

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16
Q

3 stages of carcinogenesis

A

initiation
promotion
progression

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17
Q

initiation

A
  • normal cell becomes abnormal when exposed to initiator
  • DNA is damaged (reversible or permanent)
  • initiators are carcinogens (viruses, chemicals, physical agents, hormones, etc)
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18
Q

4 oncogenic viruses

A

HPV, EBV, hepatitis, HIV

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19
Q

HPV

A
  • linked to cervical cancer

- 60 different types

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20
Q

EBV

A
  • related to hepatitis

- linked to 4 cancers: burketts lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, B-cell lymphoma, hodgkin lymphoma

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21
Q

hepatitis

A

-causes liver infection and cancer

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22
Q

HIV

A

-pt has increased risk of cancers: kaposi’s sarcoma and non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

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23
Q

H. pylori

A
  • linked to gastric cancer

- changes gastric mucosa leading to chronic inflammation and reduced acid production

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24
Q

physical agents (carcinogenic)

A

exposure to sunlight - UV
exposure to ionizing radiation
chronic irritation or inflammation
tobacco use

25
chemical carcinogens
- 75% of all cancers related to environment - smoking 30 % - tobacco has 4000 chemicals (60 carcinogenic)
26
genetic factors
- almost every type of cancer runs in families | - breast cancer
27
dietary factors
decreased risk: lots of veggies and fruits | increased risk: fat, alcohol, salt-cured, smoked, red, processed meats, nitrates, high caloric intake, obesity
28
hormonal factors
- breast, prostate, and uterine cancers rely on hormones to grow - oral contraceptives and estrogen therapy linked to breast cancer - DES
29
diethylsilbestrol (DES)
linked with vaginal carcinomas
30
natural killer cells
- major component of the body's defenses against cancer | - subpop of lymphocytes (antiviral and antitumor)
31
tumor-associated antigens
antigens on tumor cells the immune system recognizes as foreign -elicits a cellular and humoral response
32
promotion
- occurs with additional assualts of the cells by promoting agents - cells irreversibly initiated can remain latent for a long time
33
progression
cells become increasingly malignant in appearance and behavior -propensity to develop into invasive, metastases
34
carcinogens
agents that initiate or promote cellular transformation
35
characteristics of neoplams
- uncontrolled growth - abnormal differentiation - no apoptosis - benign or malignant
36
benign neoplasm
- well differentiated (they look like parent cell) - progressive, slow growth - no invasion or metastasis - encapsulated = easier to remove - no death or tissue damage unless their location interferes w functioning or compresses
37
malignant neoplasms
- undifferentiated w/ anaplasia and atypical structure (little resemblance to parent cell) - invasive and can metastasize - little demarcation = harder to remove - causes systemic effects: anemia, weakness, weight loss
38
2 types of malignant neoplasms
solid and hematologic
39
solid malignant neoplasm
- usually confined to a tissue unitl metastasis
40
hematologic malignant neoplasm
- involves blood forming cells that naturally migrate to blood and lymph, metastasising from the start
41
naming benign tumors
parent tissue + -OMA ex. osteoma
42
naming malignant tumors
same as naming benign EXCEPT: - carcinoma involves epithelial tissue - sarcoma involves mesenchymal tissues
43
cancer in situ
- localized cancer - can usually be removed surgically - cancer in situ of cervix is 100% curable
44
a tumor is clinically evident when it is ____ (size)
``` 1 cm (or 1 billion cells) -takes about 30 doublings to reach this size ```
45
the first evidence of metastasis is....
the presence of tumor cells in the local lymph nodes
46
hematogenous spread
- metastasis via the blood - typical of sarcomas - liver is common organ to be metastasized by cancers from GI, spleen, and pancreas
47
angiogenesis
- formation of new blood vessels to feed growing tumor | - requires angiogen production
48
clinical manifestation of metastasis
- no body function left unaffected | - tissues of differing origin found in weird places (like lung tissue in brain)
49
common clinical manifestations of cancer
weight loss, weakness, pain, CNS alterations, hematologic and metabolic alterations
50
Dx of cancer
- determine presence and extent of tumor - identify possible metastasis/invasion - evaluate function of involved and uninvolved body systems - biopsy for grading and staging
51
staging
determines size of tumor and existance of possible local invasion and metastasis -TNM
52
grading
classification of tumor cells by type of tissue of origin and degree of differentiation -grades I to IV
53
X-rays, CT, MRI, PET, ultrasound
-used to diagnose cancer and/or to elaluate the effectiveness of Tx or radiation
54
primary prevention of cancer
- reduce risks through health promotion - avoid carcinogens - lifestyle, dietary changes - education
55
secondary prevention of cancer
- screenings (PAP, mammography) | - ID pts at high risk
56
nurses should learn to...
recognize, intervene, and provide support for the human response to living with cancer
57
7 signs of cancer | CAUTION
``` Changes in bowel/bladder habits A sore that wont heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious changes in wart or mole Nagging coughing or hoarseness ```
58
palliation
the goal for care in terminal care patients

NURSING (8 decks)

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