Nx 100 Ch 24 Flashcards
Test 1
vital signs
temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure
body temperature
the difference between heat loss and heat production normal 97F (36C) to 99.5F (37.5C)
4 mechanisms of transfer of body heat to environment
radiation
convection
evaporation
conduction
4 sources of heat loss
skin (primary)
evaporation of sweat
warming and humidifying transpired air
eliminating urine and feces
heat production
metabolism (primary)
hormones, exercise, muscle movement
epinephrine and norepinephrine can alter metabolism and heat production
the body’s thermostat
the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus
2 primary ways to measure body temp
surface - oral, axillary, and skin surface
core - tympanic, rectal, or invasive devices
Fahrenheit to centigrade conversion
C=(F-32)/1.8
centigrade to Fahrenheit conversion
F=(C*1.8)+32
factors affecting temperature
circadian rhythms - body temp lowest in morning, highest in late afternoon
age and gender - very young and very old have difficulty maintaining temp; women greater variability
environment
afebrile
without fever; normal body temp
febrile
having a fever
fever
above normal body temp
also known as pyrexia
brought on by upward displacement of themoregulatory set point
when taking an oral/sublingual temp, remember…
to wait 15 to 30 minutes if patient has had cold/hot food/fluids or smoking or chewing gum
when taking an axillary temp, remember…
to wait 15-30 minutes if axilla has just been washed
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
CO=SV*HR
pulse is controlled by…
the sinoatrial node on the heart
normal pulse rate
60 - 100 beats/min
tachycardia
rapid heart rate
100 to 180 beats/min
bradycardia
slow heart rate
<60 beats/min
may be normal in athletes
dysrhythmia
irregular pulse
pulse deficit
the difference between apical and radial pulse
when taking an apical pulse, remember…
to count for 1 full minute (unlike radial which is only 30 seconds)
normal respiratory rate
12 - 20/min
infants and young children breath more readily
eupnea
normal respiration
tachypnea
elevated resp rate
>24 breaths/min
bradypnea
decreased resp rate
<10 breaths/min
apnea
periods of no breathing
dyspnea
difficulty or labored breathing
orthopnea
being able to breath easier in an upright position
systolic
maximum pressure; corresponds w/ contraction of L ventricle
diastolic
minimum pressure; corresponds with relaxation of L ventricle
pulse pressure
the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures
normal cardiac output
3.5 - 8L/min
normal blood pressure
120/80
stage I hypertension
systolic: 140-159
diastolic: 90-99
stage II hypertension
systolic: >/=160
diastolic: >/=100
hypotension
below normal bp; may be normal in athletes
systolic: 90-115
True/False: a single bp reading is significant
False: 2 or more subsequent readings are needed before diagnosing high bp
risk factors for hypertension
family history, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, continual stress, smoking, alcohol consumption, HIGH SALT, HIGH FAT, HIGH CALORIE DIET
2 types of hypertension
primary/essential - without a cause
secondary - caused by a known pathology
orthostatic hypotension
associated w/ weakness or fainting when one rises to an erect position
radiation
diffusion or dissemination of heat; exposed skin radiates heat
convection
dissemination of heat by motion between areas of unequal density; fan blowing cool air across warm surface
evaporation
conversion of liquid to a vapor; evaporation of sweat
conduction
transfer of heat directly to another object; an ice pack
intermittent fever
intermittent: alternates between periods of fever and normal temp
remittent fever
remittent: fluctuates more than 3.6F above normal but never reaches normal
constant fever
constant: elevated consistently with fluctuations of less than 3.6F (2C)
relapsing fever
body temp returns to normal for a day, but then fever returns
crisis (as related to fever)
fever returns to normal suddenly
lysis (as related to fever)
fever returns to normal gradually
pulse sites
temporal carotid brachial radial femoral popliteal posterior tibial dorsalis pedis
