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Nutritive Value of Feedstuffs Flashcards

1
Q

What are some steps involved in determining nutritive value?

A
  1. Chemical Analysis (complete, proximate, Van Soest, NIR)
  2. Palatability
  3. Digestibility
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2
Q

What is a complete chemical analysis?

A

This test examines every nutrient in a feed, and takes a long time.

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3
Q

What is a proximate analysis and what does it determine?

A

A proximate analysis determines the following factors in feedstuffs:

  1. Water
  2. EE
  3. CF
  4. CP
  5. Ash
  6. NFE
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4
Q

How is water content determined in a proximate analysis?

A

by drying the sample

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5
Q

What is EE?

A

EE is ether extract, or crude fat. It’s simply a measurement of crude fat.

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6
Q

What is CF?

A

CF is crude fiber, and it measures cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose content.

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7
Q

What is CP?

A

CP is crude protein, an estimate of the protein content of a feed based on the nitrogen content. It is found by multiplying the %N in a feed by 6.25.

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8
Q

What is ash?

A

Minerals; the inorganic residue left behind after burning food

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9
Q

What is NFE?

A

NFE is Nitrogen-Free Extract, and it is obtained mathematically. It consists of mostly sugars and starches.

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10
Q

What is the Van Soest method?

A

This method analyzes fibers in feed.

Acid Detergent Fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber

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11
Q

What is the Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)?

A

This measurement contains cellulose and lignin, and is usually associated with digestibility. Since it contains more non-digestible contents, a high ADF is bad.

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12
Q

What is the Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)?

A

A measurement containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; it indicates intake, or the amount an animal may consume. The NDF is always a higher number than the ADF.

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13
Q

What is NIR?

A

NIR is Near Infrared Spectroscopy. It is a rapid method that uses IR light to analyze bonds in feeds and determine moisture, fat, protein, etc.

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14
Q

Define palatability

A

the fact or quality of being acceptable or agreeable to the taste; will the animal eat it?

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15
Q

What are some limitations to chemical analysis, Van Soest method, and NIR?

A

They don’t tell us anything about palatability, toxicity, or digestibility.

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16
Q

Define digestibility

A

The ability of a nutrient to be digested and absorbed by the animal rather than be eliminated in the feces.

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17
Q

Describe a digestion trial

A

An animal is given a feed, and if it does not exit in the feces, it is considered digestible

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18
Q

How is the Apparent Digestion Coefficient (ADC) calculated?

A

D/C = weight of nutrient consumed - weight of nutrient excreted in feces/ weight of nutrient consumed

example: an animal eats 12 grams of feed dry matter and excretes 6 grams of feed dry matter in its feces. What is the feed’s ADC?
(12-6)/12 = 0.5 ADC

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19
Q

What factors influence digestibility?

A

fiber content, rates of passage, preparation, and processing

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20
Q

What is the easiest way to alter a feed’s digestibility?

A

Altering the fiber content of the feed

higher fiber content is harder to digest, especially in monogastrics

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21
Q

What is TDN?

A

Total Digestible Nutrients: an estimate of energy content in a feed, it does not really measure digestion

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22
Q

What is the significance of CP?

A

CP (crude protein) can be used to find the N content of a feed and vice versa using the conversion factor of 6.25

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23
Q

How much more energy do lipids contain than carbs or proteins?

A

2.25 times more energy

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24
Q

What is GE?

A

Gross Energy, the total energy in the feed, and always the highest number when estimating feed energy

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25
What is bomb calorimetry and what does it measure?
It is a type of measurement that burns feed to determine the energy released, and it measures the GE of a feed
26
What is DE and how is it calculated?
DE is Digestible Energy, it measures the energy absorbed in the GI tract DE= GE - FE
27
What is FE?
Feces Energy
28
What is UE?
Urinary Energy
29
What is GPDE?
Gaseous Products of Digestion Energy
30
What is HI?
Heat Increment
31
What is ME and how is it calculated?
ME is metabolizable energy, it measures energy available for use in cells ME= GE - FE - UE - GPDE
32
What is NE and how is it calculated?
NE is Net Energy, it measures the available energy for maintenance, growth, and lactation (accounts for E used in consumption and digestion of food) NE= GE - FE - UE - GPDE - HI
33
What does a respiration calorimeter measure?
It measures the gaseous products of digestion energy (GDPE), heat increment (HI), feces energy (FE), and urinary energy (UE)
34
What is a specific instance where ME is used?
ME is used to measure the energy for birds because of the fluidity of their feces.
35
What factors influence energy requirements?
1. species 2. age 3. activity level 4. production level 5. environmental temperature 6. nutritional deficiencies 7. surface area of the animal
36
What are some effects of energy deficiency?
decrease in weight (catabolic rxns. occur as animal breaks down macromolecules to acquire energy) decrease in body fat (emaciation) lower fertility lower production
37
What is total protein?
the total amount of protein in a feed
38
What is digestible protein?
the amount of protein an animal can digest and use
39
How can protein quality be determined?
chemical procedures like amino acid analysis biological procedures
40
What is biological value (BV)?
BV is the amount of retained nitrogen. BV = (N retained/N digested) x 100%
41
What are some relative protein values?
Eggs 100 Milk 92 Meat 82 Rumen Protein 80 Plants variable
42
What are some protein sources for feeds?
animal sources: fish meal, blood meal, meat and bone meal plant sources: soybeans, cottonseed meal, etc
43
What are some issues with animal and plant sources of protein?
animal sources: regulation of contents, palatability issues plant sources: lower quality protein
44
What are byproduct feeds?
Feed components resulting from manufacturing processes. ex. distiller's grains, brewer's grains, bakery waste
45
What are the consequences of too little dietary protein?
lower growth decreased efficiency lower reproductive performance
46
What are the consequences of too much dietary protein?
too expensive good growth excess water intake enlarged kidneys
47
How are vitamins expressed in feedstuffs?
They are measured as IU's (international units) for fat soluble vitamins, % mg, etc.
48
How are minerals expressed in feedstuffs?
Minerals are expressed as ppm, % mg, etc Macrominerals are in animal carcasses at a measurement greater than 100 ppm
49
Describe feed intake
Animals eat to meet their energy needs. The input impacts energy balance, which in turn affects the output (feces, urine, work, heat, milk, etc)
50
What are concentrates?
they contain less than 18% CF (ex. grains)
51
What are roughages?
they contain greater than 18% CF (ex. hay) more often consumed by ruminants
52
Describe the quantity and kind of foods that ruminants consume
Ruminants usually eat 2-3% of their bodyweight a day, and they usually eat roughages
53
Describe the quantity and kind of foods that monogastrics consume
Monogastrics usually eat 2-6% of their bodyweight per day, with very young monogastrics possibly eating up to 13% of their bodyweight in a day. They typically consume grains or other concentrates.
54
What percent do animals typically eat of their bodyweight per day on average, even if we are unsure of the species?
2-3% of their bodyweight
55
What is gut fill?
What the animal can hold in its GI tract; it is a type of physical regulation
56
What type of feed is the usual cause of gut fill?
Low energy density feed usually causes gut fill and physical regulation because the animal has to eat more of it to meet their energy needs
57
What type of feed is usually the cause of chemical regulation?
High energy density feed is the usual cause of chemical regulation.
58
What will an animal do if they are consuming a low energy density feed?
They will eat a higher amount of it to reach their energy needs.
59
What will an animal do if they are consuming a high energy density feed?
They will consume a lower amount of the feed because they do not have to eat as much of it to meet their energy requirements.
60
What factors influence feed intake?
1. physiological state 2. weight 3. activity level 4. temperature 5. disease status 6. palatability
61
How is the hypothalamus involved in feed intake?
1. Feed center controls eating 2. Satiety center tells the animal to stop eating
62
What are short term mechanisms of regulating food intake?
physical and chemical regulation
63
What are the respective short term mechanisms of regulating food intake in monogastrics and ruminants?
1. Monogastrics gut fill (physical) glucose (chemical) 2. Ruminants gut fill (physical) VFA's (chemical)
64
Describe how glucose is involved in a monogastric's feed intake
Blood glucose is a chemical regulator of feed intake. High blood glucose levels tell the animal when to stop eating, unless it has already hit gut fill.
65
Describe how VFA's are involved in a ruminant's feed intake
VFA's are a chemical regulator of feed intake. High blood VFA's tell the ruminant when to stop eating, unless is has already reached gut fill.
66
What hormones are involved in appetite control?
1. cholecystokinin (CCK) 2. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) 3. Leptin
67
What role does CCK play in regulating appetite?
CCK (produced in the small intestine) influences the hypothalamus to decrease appetite
68
What role does NPY play in regulating appetite?
NPY comes from the hypothalamus and increases appetite
69
What role does leptin play in regulating appetite?
Leptin, which comes from adipose tissue, decreases appetite by stimulating the hypothalamus
70
What is the lipostatic theory?
Lipostatic theory is a proposed long term regulation system for appetite that sees appetite regulated by fat reserves

Ansc 201 (14 decks)

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