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Ansc 201 > Genetics and Biotechnology > Flashcards

Genetics and Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

the physical appearance of an animal; the physical expression of genes

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2
Q

What is a genotype?

A

genetic makeup

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3
Q

What is the genome?

A

The entire genetic material of an animal

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4
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

the functional unit of inheritance that contain genes

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5
Q

What are genes?

A

genes are unique segments of DNA

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6
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

5 carbon sugar - deoxyribose
phosphate group
nitrogenous bases (cystine, thymine, adenine, guanine)

double stranded helical structure

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7
Q

Describe the structure of RNA

A

5 carbon sugar - ribose
phosphate group
nitrogenous bases are the same as DNA except thymine is exchanged for uracil

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8
Q

Describe replication

A

duplication of chromosomes

base pairing of the DNA guarantees that when two strands of DNA are separated, another identical double helix is formed

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9
Q

Define mutation

A

when replication is not exact due to chemical changes in DNA

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10
Q

Define migration

A

bringing new genotypes through breeding stock into a population

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11
Q

Define selection and describe the two types of selection

A

using some animals more than others as parents

natural selection is controlled by nature
artificial selection is controlled by management

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12
Q

What is DNA’s function

A

DNA contains the directions for the organization and metabolism of cells by being a template for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins. The products of genes are protein molecules via the synthesis of amino acids.

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13
Q

What do we mean by amino acid codes?

A

Triplet base pair codes code for different amino acids; several different triplet codes may designate the same amino acids.

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14
Q

What trend exists between the DNA content and complexity of an organism?

A

a direct relationship; the more complex organism typically has more DNA

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15
Q

What types of chromosomes are there?

A

Sex chromosomes (X or Y) - one pair of chromosomes, sperm and egg have haploid number

Autosomes - in body cells where number of pairs varies by animal, and every body cell has a diploid number

Each somatic cell (body cells) has one pair of sex chromosomes, the rest are autosomes

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16
Q

What is the role of RNA?

A

to read the information on the DNA and direct protein synthesis

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17
Q

What is transcription?

A

Synthesis of an mRNA strand by copying a DNA segment

occurs in the nucleus

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18
Q

What is translation?

A

production of amino acids from RNA codon sequences

occurs in ribosomes

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19
Q

What is mRNA?

A

carries information about particular proteins and directs amino acid sequence and protein synthesis

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20
Q

What is rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA - essential for ribosomal function and structure

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21
Q

What is tRNA?

A

transfer RNA - identifies codons in mRNA and moves amino acids to proper place in the polypeptide chain

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22
Q

What is a locus?

A

The location of a particular gene

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23
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes with the same loci and structure

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24
Q

What are alleles?

A

different forms of the same gene

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25
Q

Define homozygous

A

genes are alike for a particular trait; same alleles

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26
Q

Define heterozygous

A

genes are not alike for a particular trait; different alleles

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27
Q

Define dominant

A

an allele that overpowers and prevents the expression of another allele

28
Q

Define recessive

A

an allele that is expressed only when an animal is homozygous for non-dominant allele

29
Q

Describe diploid vs. haploid and the distribution of genetic material

A

diploid is body cells, haploid is gametes

independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during meiosis

30
Q

Describe qualitative inheritance

A
  1. controlled by a single gene
  2. phenotypes easily described
  3. phenotypes are discontinuous

ex. coat color in Angus or Holsteins, where B (black) id dominant to b (red)

BB (black), Bb (black), bb (red)

31
Q

What is codominance?

A

When two alleles are both expressed in the heterozygote.

ex. black (BB) and white (WW) chickens

BB (black), WW (white), BW (checkered)

32
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

When three distinct phenotypes are produced instead of two.

ex. dilution in horses

Chestnut (Chestnut + DD), Palomino (Chestnut +Dd), Creamello (Chestnut + dd)

ex. red and white flowers produce red, white, and pink offspring

33
Q

Describe some of the sex chromosomes in animals

A

Mammals: XX is female, XY is male
Males determine the sex of the offspring

Birds/Reptiles: XX or ZZ is male; XY or ZW is female
female determines the sex of the offspring

34
Q

Describe sex-linked inheritance

A

Some genes are located on the X or Z chromosomes and are only expressed in one sex

35
Q

Describe quantitative inheritance

A
  1. many genes are involved
  2. phenotypes described by measurements
  3. continuous distribution of phenotypes
36
Q

Describe the allelic gene interaction.

A

Interactions that occur between corresponding genes on homologous chromosomes.

37
Q

Describe heterosis.

A

Heterosis, aka overdominance, in an allelic interaction where heterozygotes show better results than the homozygotes. It results in hybrid vigor, an improved fitness.

38
Q

Describe gene and environmental interactions.

A

Phenotype = genotype + environmental effects

Common environmental effects include feed supply, housing, season

must attempt to standardize environmental effects in genetic evaluations

39
Q

What is the formula for genetic gain/year?

A

heritability x selection differential/ generational interval

40
Q

What is heritability?

A

Shows what proportion of an animal’s appearance is due to genetics. It is the portion of the trait that the animal will pass on to the next generation. Heritability varies by trait, and has a range of 0-0.99.

41
Q

What is the selection differential?

A

The degree of selectivity used. The difference in a trait between a population mean (average) and the mean (average) of the animals selected from that population for producing the next generation.

It shows superiority or inferiority compared to the average

42
Q

What is a generation interval?

A

the average age of the parents when the offspring are born

43
Q

What is tandem selection?

A

Selection for one trait at a time, then selection for a second trait once the desired level of the first trait is achieved. This is a slow process, and progress of the first trait may be lost when selection for the second trait occurs.

44
Q

What are independent culling levels?

A

the minimum acceptable levels that are assigned to each trait before an animal is culled

45
Q

What is a selection index?

A

When several traits are evaluated and expressed as one total score. This is usually effective because traits can be weighted. Often, economic value and correlation between traits are factors that can be included with this method.

46
Q

What are pedigrees?

A

Diagrams that allow an animals ancestry to be traced.

47
Q

What are grade and register animals?

A

Registered animals are recorded in a breed association and meet criteria outlined by that organization.

Grade animals may be about the same status genetically, but are not registered.

48
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

Mating individuals who are more related than the general population

49
Q

What are the effects of inbreeding?

A

Increases homozygosity

May have detrimental effects such as: lower reproductive performance, lower growth, higher susceptibility to stress and disease

50
Q

What is linebreeding?

A

A milder form of inbreeding that tends to emphasize one outstanding ancestor

51
Q

What is outbreeding?

A

When females are mated to unrelated males.

It reduced inbreeding by increasing heterozygosity.

The types are species cross, crossbreeding, and outcrossing

52
Q

Describe species crossing

A

widest possible form of outbreeding, when two different species are mated (ex. male donkey and a mare)

53
Q

Describe crossbreeding

A

mating two animals in the same species but different breeds, which maximizes heterosis and breed complementation.

54
Q

Describe outcrossing

A

mating unrelated animals within a breed

55
Q

Describe some general factors about selection of animals for mating

A
  1. usually able to move intensively select males
  2. heritabilities of traits must be considered
  3. traits with economic value are important
56
Q

What are some selection complications?

A
  1. single trait selection will yield maximum results for a trait; when too many traits are considered, progress in the primary trait slows down
  2. sometimes, even the best matings yield poor results because of random assortment
57
Q

What is correlation?

A

Correlation measures how two traits vary together (indicates the strength of the relationship)

a. positive: means that the traits vary directly together (ex. height and weight, test scores and course grade)

b. negative: the traits are inversely related (ex. smoking and lung health, absences and course grade)

If the traits are unrelated, the correlation score is 0

Range is -1.0 to 1.0

58
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

The use of living organisms to improve, modify, or produce industrially important processes or products

ex. cheese, penicillin, biopesticides, non-browning fruits

59
Q

Define transgenics

A

Taking genes from one species and putting them into another species

60
Q

Define xenotransplantation

A

Placing non-human animal tissue into humans

61
Q

Describe PCR

A

PCR = polymerase chain reaction

PCR is used to take very small amounts of DNA and multiply it many times. It is useful for genetic fingerprinting, but can be easily contaminated by foreign DNA..

62
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Inserting or altering genes in a patient’s cells to treat or cure certain diseases

Can be used to treat skin cancer and other diseases

In humans:
1. insulin production
2. calcitonin - increases bone mass, helps fight osteoporosis
3. somatotropin, other hormones

63
Q

What are plasmids?

A

circular non-chromosomal bacterial DNA; can be cut with restriction enzymes and altered

64
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

Enzymes that cut at base sequence

65
Q

What is gene editing?

A

Alters specific sites in the genome

Can repair or replace genes/alleles

Several techniques: CRISPR, TALEN, ZFN

Many applications:
- has beens shown to halt development of muscular dystrophy in mice
- has produced polled animals instead of animals with horns
- expectation is that editing can help with many genetic diseases

Typically no foreign DNA is introduced, so this is not legally considered to be GMO by the FDA

Ansc 201 (14 decks)

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