Nutritional diseases (A, E, D3, B, Mineral) Flashcards
essential for growth, vision, mucous membrane integrity (mucosa of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and genital systems)
Vitamin A
Vitamin A Deficiency (chicks)
- anorexia
- runting
- ruffled feathers
- sleepiness
- weakness, ataxia
- xeropthalmia
- chicks very susceptible to infections (decreased antibody production)
Vitamin A Deficiency (Adults)
- lesions in the pharynx and esophagus
- blockage of the mucous gland ducts
- the contents form small white pustules
- distension of the glands with secretions and dead materials
- blood spots in the egg
Diagnosis of Vit A deficiency
- necropsy
- esophageal lesions
Vit A treatment
10,000 IU vitamin A per kg of feed
(3) manifestations of Vit E deficiency
- encephalomalacia (crazy chick disease)
- exudative diathesis
- nutritional muscular dystrophy
anti-oxidant; prevents oxidation of unsaturated lipids
Vitamin E
- nervous disorder
- 2 — 3 wks old birds
- Signs:
muscular weakness,
incoordination with frequent falling,
rapid contraction and relaxation of the legs,
paralysis
death
Encephalomalacia
- Rickets in immature flocks
- 4 to 7 wk-old birds unable to walk
- joint swelling with depressed growth rate and poor feathering
- Decreased skeletal density
- Costochondral junctions are enlarged and the end plates of the long bones are irregular
- Rubbery bones
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) Deficiency
decreased egg production;
deterioration in shell quality
Vit D3 deficiency (mature layers)
Prevention of cholecalciferol deficiency
correct Ca-P ratio in feed (2:1)
lack of ______ to vitamin premixes, or as a result of excessive addition of the anticoccidial (amprolium)
incoordination
10 to 20 day-old chicks
Vit B1 (Thiamine) deficiency
poor growth,
poor feathering,
rotation of the legs in chicks 10 to 30-day old
abnormal down feather development
Layers and breeders:
* poor egg production and low hatchability
* peripheral nerves have myelin degeneration
Vit B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency
Chicks:
poor growth, poor feathering, and high mortality; dermatitis of the foot and beak area
Layers and breeders:
decreased production and hatchability
Vit-B3 (Biotin) deficiency
seldom occur as single entities
leads to poor growth and low reproductive efficiency
Pantothenic acid,
Niacin,
Pyridoxine,
Folic acid deficiency
rickets,
osteomalacia
in layers and breeders
Calcium and Phosphorus deficiency
- chondrodystrophy
- deformation of the distal tibiotarsus/proximal tarsometatarsus
- gastrocnemius tendon displacement “slipped tendon”
Manganese deficiency
- lack of salt supplementation (corn & soya meals)
- poor growth and decreased egg production
- tail biting and cannibalism
Sodium and Chloride deficiency
poor growth rate, chondrodystrophy
Zinc deficiency
Ingestion of fungal toxins produced by molds (contaminants in cereals oilseeds before and subsequent processing)
Mycotoxicoses
chemical compounds that adversely affect livability, growth rate, feed conversion, immune response, egg production, and carcass quality
Maize, wheat, rice, and peanut meal are most frequently implicated
Mycotoxins
- most susceptible to mycotoxins
- but age, intercurrent health and environmental stress also influence the severity of manifestations
Immature chickens & ducklings
result in high mortality (high contamination levels)
significant reduction in growth rate and feed conversion in broilers, and low egg production in breeders and commercial egg flocks (low contamination level)
Aflatoxins
Ochratoxins
Trichothecenes
Rubratoxins
[ AOTR ]
associated with stomatitis (oral mucosa ulceration)
Fusarium T-2 toxin
results in kidney degeneration
Ochratoxin
cirrhosis of the liver and ascites
Chronic aflatoxicosis
Nutrient content of grains: degraded when mold growth occurs
Fungal Diseases
moisture levels over 13% may indicate mycotoxin contamination (e.g., aflatoxin)
Corn
Control & prevention of fungal disease
- Correct storage of raw materials; feed additive inhibitors such (propionate and gentian violet)
- High temperature ammoniation or adding commercial aluminosilicates to diets
- Zeolite compounds and extracts from the cell wall of S. cerevisiae
- Detection of contaminated ingredients and exclusion from feeds
