Nutritional considerations of infants, young children and adolescents

Question 1

What is the importance of the nutritional requirements?

Answer 1

essential nutriets to replaces losses and to grow nw tissues

enery to permit metabolic functions

maintenance, growth and development

develop immunity

Question 2

what are the phases of child growth?

Answer 2

Infant
child
pubertal

Question 3

what is the infant child growth?

Answer 3

extreme growth in the 1st 12 months

dependent on the nutrition available

Question 4

what is the child growth phase?

Answer 4

the growth slows down, from about 3 years

growth-hormone led

Question 5

what is the pubertal growth phase?

Answer 5

led by sex-steroid hormones

Question 6

How does the phase of child growth come about and what is it affected by?

Answer 6

It merges gradually

socio-economic status, feeding status, nutritional status

Question 7

What specifiies how much of what specific nutrients kids require?

Answer 7

Dietary reference values, DoH 1991

Question 8

Ehat is the estimated average requirement?

Answer 8

average energy requirement that the population acquires.

Half of the population needs more and the other hald needs less

Question 9

what is the reference nutrient intake?

Answer 9

a figure which would meet the needs of 97% of the population

Question 10

What is the lower reference nutrient intake?

Answer 10

a figure that meets the needs of a lower percentage of the population

Question 11

What is the RNI (reference nutrient intake) for protein ranges?

Answer 11

12.7 g –> 14.5g/ day for infants ages 4 - 18 months

Question 12

0-12 months ERV (energy reference values)

Answer 12

energy deposited in new tissue plus Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)

Question 13

1 -18 years ERV

Answer 13

TEE + basal metabolic rate x physical activity level

Question 14

What are the energy requirements for boys and girls?

Answer 14

more than the estimated average usage (50% - boys and 45% girls)
12 -18 (cereal and milk and milk products)
1- 3 infant and formula based products

Question 15

What is the RNI for Vitamin A?

Answer 15

350 -400 microgram/ day

intakes above the RNI for all age groups

Question 16

What are the sources of vit a?

Answer 16

cheese, eggs, yoghurt

Question 17

What is the RNI for Vit C?

Answer 17

25 - 30 mg/ day

Intake above RNI

Question 18

Sources of Vit C?

Answer 18

oranges, blackcurrants, potatoes

Question 19

What is the RNI for Vit D?

Answer 19

7 - 8.5 microgram/ day

intakes below RNI ffor breastfed infants of all age groups and non-breastfed infants aged 12 - 18 months

Question 20

soucres of VIt D

Answer 20

sunlight, oily fish, eggs

Question 21

When should children eating infant formula start consuming vit supplements?

Answer 21

from 6 months all children consuming <500 mls/ d of infant formular should take vit A, C and D supplements

Question 22

At which age should breastfed babies be given a supplement of vit D?

Answer 22

by 2 weeks of age

vit D Supplement of 8.5 - 10mg of vit D/ day

Question 23

What supplements should the breatfeeding mothers take?

Answer 23

vit D supplements of 10 microgram/ day

Question 24

Which infants do not require vit D supplements?

Answer 24

breastfed babies who have infant formula > 500ml of formula/ day. as infant formula has added Vit D

Question 25

How much sodium is there in each gram of salt?

Answer 25

393 mg sodium

Question 26

What is the DoB recommendation for sodium intake for children <12 months of age?

Answer 26

<400 mg (1 g of salt)

Question 27

What is the DoB recommendation for sodium intake for children aged 1 - 3 years?

Answer 27

<800 mg (2g salt)

Question 28

How is the RNI intake for all age groups for salt?

Answer 28

Exceeded the RNI in all age groups excluding 4-6 months

Question 29

How is the intake of salt in Scotland acc. to RNI?

Answer 29

higher than the UK sample

Question 30

What are the biggest sources of calcium and iron in infants less than 12 months?

Answer 30

infant formula

Question 31

What are the biggest sources of calcium in infants older than 12 months?

Answer 31

milk

Question 32

How much should total fat consitute our totaly energy suplly?

Answer 32

no more than 35% of food energy

Question 33

How much should trans fatty acids consitute our totaly energy suplly?

Answer 33

no more than 1% of food en ergy

Question 34

How much should saturated fatty acids consitute our totaly energy suplly?

Answer 34

mo more than 11% of our food energy

Question 35

How much should free sugars consitute our totaly energy suplly?

Answer 35

No more than 5% of food energy

Question 36

How much fibre should we have per day?

Answer 36

25g/ day

Question 37

What is the optimun time till which breastfeeding should be done?

Answer 37

1- 6 months

Question 38

What determines the marketing of breast milk subsitutes?

Answer 38

WHO code | Infant formula and follow-on and formula (scotland) regulations 2007

Question 39

What is infant formula fundamentally?

Answer 39

modified cow's milk whey or casein based formula -no anti0microbial or bioactive substances from breats milk

Question 40

Which formulas are easier to digest for a baby and recommeded for the first year?

Answer 40

whey based formula

Question 41

What is follow-on formula?

Answer 41

manufactured for infants after 6 months but not much different from the regular formula --> use the normal formula for the 1st year then

Question 42

What is weaning?

Answer 42

it is complementary feeding along with breastmil?

Question 43

at which age should children be started to wean?

Answer 43

6 months, and not before 17 weeks

Question 44

Why is the transition from breastmilk to family foods important?

Answer 44

as breats milk not enought to meet nutritional needs some may need to start earlier but not before 4 months breast should be the main type of milk consumed though

Question 45

Why is breats milk still preferred over skimmed/ skimmed milk even during weaning?

Answer 45

as it has more energy and micro-nutrients along with factors that make the immunity better

Question 46

by when can cow's milk be introduced to kids?

Answer 46

introduced as a drink from 12 motnhs can be used to make food form 6 - 9 months

Question 47

what is compulsory if food is introduced to babies before 6 months?

Answer 47

it should be gluten free sugar and salt shouldnt be added salty food should be avoided foods that can cause allergies should be introduced one at a time

Question 48

What other factors should be kept in mind during complenetary feeding?

Answer 48

foods rich in absorbable iron regularly (eg: red meat, canned fish, well-cooked eggs) low-sugar breakfast with cortified iron avoid whole nuts and seeds until 5 years --> to prevent choking

Question 49

How frequently should teeth be cleaned?

Answer 49

gentyly twice a day as they appear using a 1000ppm fluoride toothpaste

Question 50

What happens if complementary skills arent introduced at the right age/ weaning is late ?

Answer 50

affects nutritional needs, micronutrient deficiencies (iron and Zn) along with gorss motor skills such a chewing and acceptance of new tastes and textures may not be ensured, , infant-carer sociorelationships

Question 51

How does school age affect nutrition for school-age kids?

Answer 51

can have chronic disease disordered eating patterns (faddism etc..) suplly. demand imbalance (obesity)

Question 52

How does adolescence affect a child nutrient demands?

Answer 52

they attain independence and the ability to parents, and accelreated growth --> increasing nutritional demands

Question 53

What are the vulnerabilities of nutrition in adolescents?

Answer 53

eating disorders obesity early pregnancy

Question 54

Why does WhO recommend exclusice breast feeding for the 1st 6 months of life?

Answer 54

``` immunological factors anti-infective agents growth factors modulators if intestinal growth reduction in diarrhoea reduction in resp infection colonic function reduction in atopic disease ```

Question 55

Which social group is faltering growth usually seen?

Answer 55

Slightly higher rates in most (asn lesy) deprived areas majority - average areas parent educational level, abuse, doesnt affect it

Question 56

When should kids start using cups/ beakers and start briushing?

Answer 56

cups/ beakers --> from 6 months brush --> as soon as teeth start coming

Question 57

What incraeses the risk of dental carrir in kids?

Answer 57

amount of free sugars and the frequency of intake of free sugars

Question 58

How is childhood obesity associated with parental factors?

Answer 58

if one or more parents are overweight, high chances that the children can be obese - maternal obesity - early weaning - rapid weight gain in the 1st 2 years

Question 59

What influences the timing of solid food to infants?

Answer 59

socio-cultural factors - living in deprived areas - opionion of maternal grandmother - personal opinions on when to feed solid food in the society - lack of encouragement to wait until the baby was 4 months - being in receipt of free sample of manufactured food