Nutritional considerations of infants, young children and adolescents Flashcards
What is the importance of the nutritional requirements?
essential nutriets to replaces losses and to grow nw tissues
enery to permit metabolic functions
maintenance, growth and development
develop immunity
what are the phases of child growth?
Infant
child
pubertal
what is the infant child growth?
extreme growth in the 1st 12 months
dependent on the nutrition available
what is the child growth phase?
the growth slows down, from about 3 years
growth-hormone led
what is the pubertal growth phase?
led by sex-steroid hormones
How does the phase of child growth come about and what is it affected by?
It merges gradually
socio-economic status, feeding status, nutritional status
What specifiies how much of what specific nutrients kids require?
Dietary reference values, DoH 1991
Ehat is the estimated average requirement?
average energy requirement that the population acquires.
Half of the population needs more and the other hald needs less
what is the reference nutrient intake?
a figure which would meet the needs of 97% of the population
What is the lower reference nutrient intake?
a figure that meets the needs of a lower percentage of the population
What is the RNI (reference nutrient intake) for protein ranges?
12.7 g –> 14.5g/ day for infants ages 4 - 18 months
0-12 months ERV (energy reference values)
energy deposited in new tissue plus Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)
1 -18 years ERV
TEE + basal metabolic rate x physical activity level
What are the energy requirements for boys and girls?
more than the estimated average usage (50% - boys and 45% girls)
12 -18 (cereal and milk and milk products)
1- 3 infant and formula based products
What is the RNI for Vitamin A?
350 -400 microgram/ day
intakes above the RNI for all age groups
What are the sources of vit a?
cheese, eggs, yoghurt
What is the RNI for Vit C?
25 - 30 mg/ day
Intake above RNI
Sources of Vit C?
oranges, blackcurrants, potatoes
What is the RNI for Vit D?
7 - 8.5 microgram/ day
intakes below RNI ffor breastfed infants of all age groups and non-breastfed infants aged 12 - 18 months
soucres of VIt D
sunlight, oily fish, eggs
When should children eating infant formula start consuming vit supplements?
from 6 months all children consuming <500 mls/ d of infant formular should take vit A, C and D supplements
At which age should breastfed babies be given a supplement of vit D?
by 2 weeks of age
vit D Supplement of 8.5 - 10mg of vit D/ day
What supplements should the breatfeeding mothers take?
vit D supplements of 10 microgram/ day
Which infants do not require vit D supplements?
breastfed babies who have infant formula > 500ml of formula/ day. as infant formula has added Vit D
How much sodium is there in each gram of salt?
393 mg sodium
What is the DoB recommendation for sodium intake for children <12 months of age?
<400 mg (1 g of salt)
What is the DoB recommendation for sodium intake for children aged 1 - 3 years?
<800 mg (2g salt)
How is the RNI intake for all age groups for salt?
Exceeded the RNI in all age groups excluding 4-6 months
How is the intake of salt in Scotland acc. to RNI?
higher than the UK sample
What are the biggest sources of calcium and iron in infants less than 12 months?
infant formula
What are the biggest sources of calcium in infants older than 12 months?
milk
How much should total fat consitute our totaly energy suplly?
no more than 35% of food energy
How much should trans fatty acids consitute our totaly energy suplly?
no more than 1% of food en ergy
How much should saturated fatty acids consitute our totaly energy suplly?
mo more than 11% of our food energy
How much should free sugars consitute our totaly energy suplly?
No more than 5% of food energy
How much fibre should we have per day?
25g/ day
What is the optimun time till which breastfeeding should be done?
1- 6 months
What determines the marketing of breast milk subsitutes?
WHO code
Infant formula and follow-on and formula (scotland) regulations 2007
What is infant formula fundamentally?
modified cow’s milk
whey or casein based formula
-no anti0microbial or bioactive substances from breats milk
Which formulas are easier to digest for a baby and recommeded for the first year?
whey based formula
What is follow-on formula?
manufactured for infants after 6 months
but not much different from the regular formula
–> use the normal formula for the 1st year then
What is weaning?
it is complementary feeding along with breastmil?
at which age should children be started to wean?
6 months, and not before 17 weeks
Why is the transition from breastmilk to family foods important?
as breats milk not enought to meet nutritional needs
some may need to start earlier but not before 4 months
breast should be the main type of milk consumed though
Why is breats milk still preferred over skimmed/ skimmed milk even during weaning?
as it has more energy and micro-nutrients along with factors that make the immunity better
by when can cow’s milk be introduced to kids?
introduced as a drink from 12 motnhs
can be used to make food form 6 - 9 months
what is compulsory if food is introduced to babies before 6 months?
it should be gluten free
sugar and salt shouldnt be added
salty food should be avoided
foods that can cause allergies should be introduced one at a time
What other factors should be kept in mind during complenetary feeding?
foods rich in absorbable iron regularly (eg: red meat, canned fish, well-cooked eggs)
low-sugar breakfast with cortified iron
avoid whole nuts and seeds until 5 years –> to prevent choking
How frequently should teeth be cleaned?
gentyly twice a day as they appear using a 1000ppm fluoride toothpaste
What happens if complementary skills arent introduced at the right age/ weaning is late ?
affects nutritional needs, micronutrient deficiencies (iron and Zn) along with gorss motor skills such a chewing and acceptance of new tastes and textures may not be ensured, , infant-carer sociorelationships
How does school age affect nutrition for school-age kids?
can have chronic disease
disordered eating patterns (faddism etc..)
suplly. demand imbalance (obesity)
How does adolescence affect a child nutrient demands?
they attain independence and the ability to parents, and accelreated growth –> increasing nutritional demands
What are the vulnerabilities of nutrition in adolescents?
eating disorders
obesity
early pregnancy
Why does WhO recommend exclusice breast feeding for the 1st 6 months of life?
immunological factors anti-infective agents growth factors modulators if intestinal growth reduction in diarrhoea reduction in resp infection colonic function reduction in atopic disease
Which social group is faltering growth usually seen?
Slightly higher rates in most (asn lesy) deprived areas
majority - average areas
parent educational level, abuse, doesnt affect it
When should kids start using cups/ beakers and start briushing?
cups/ beakers –> from 6 months
brush –> as soon as teeth start coming
What incraeses the risk of dental carrir in kids?
amount of free sugars and the frequency of intake of free sugars
How is childhood obesity associated with parental factors?
if one or more parents are overweight, high chances that the children can be obese
- maternal obesity
- early weaning
- rapid weight gain in the 1st 2 years
What influences the timing of solid food to infants?
socio-cultural factors
- living in deprived areas
- opionion of maternal grandmother
- personal opinions on when to feed solid food in the society
- lack of encouragement to wait until the baby was 4 months
- being in receipt of free sample of manufactured food
