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Child Health > Nutritional considerations of infants, young children and adolescents > Flashcards

Nutritional considerations of infants, young children and adolescents Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of the nutritional requirements?

A

essential nutriets to replaces losses and to grow nw tissues

enery to permit metabolic functions

maintenance, growth and development

develop immunity

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2
Q

what are the phases of child growth?

A

Infant
child
pubertal

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3
Q

what is the infant child growth?

A

extreme growth in the 1st 12 months

dependent on the nutrition available

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4
Q

what is the child growth phase?

A

the growth slows down, from about 3 years

growth-hormone led

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5
Q

what is the pubertal growth phase?

A

led by sex-steroid hormones

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6
Q

How does the phase of child growth come about and what is it affected by?

A

It merges gradually

socio-economic status, feeding status, nutritional status

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7
Q

What specifiies how much of what specific nutrients kids require?

A

Dietary reference values, DoH 1991

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8
Q

Ehat is the estimated average requirement?

A

average energy requirement that the population acquires.

Half of the population needs more and the other hald needs less

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9
Q

what is the reference nutrient intake?

A

a figure which would meet the needs of 97% of the population

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10
Q

What is the lower reference nutrient intake?

A

a figure that meets the needs of a lower percentage of the population

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11
Q

What is the RNI (reference nutrient intake) for protein ranges?

A

12.7 g –> 14.5g/ day for infants ages 4 - 18 months

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12
Q

0-12 months ERV (energy reference values)

A

energy deposited in new tissue plus Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)

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13
Q

1 -18 years ERV

A

TEE + basal metabolic rate x physical activity level

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14
Q

What are the energy requirements for boys and girls?

A

more than the estimated average usage (50% - boys and 45% girls)
12 -18 (cereal and milk and milk products)
1- 3 infant and formula based products

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15
Q

What is the RNI for Vitamin A?

A

350 -400 microgram/ day

intakes above the RNI for all age groups

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16
Q

What are the sources of vit a?

A

cheese, eggs, yoghurt

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17
Q

What is the RNI for Vit C?

A

25 - 30 mg/ day

Intake above RNI

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18
Q

Sources of Vit C?

A

oranges, blackcurrants, potatoes

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19
Q

What is the RNI for Vit D?

A

7 - 8.5 microgram/ day

intakes below RNI ffor breastfed infants of all age groups and non-breastfed infants aged 12 - 18 months

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20
Q

soucres of VIt D

A

sunlight, oily fish, eggs

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21
Q

When should children eating infant formula start consuming vit supplements?

A

from 6 months all children consuming <500 mls/ d of infant formular should take vit A, C and D supplements

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22
Q

At which age should breastfed babies be given a supplement of vit D?

A

by 2 weeks of age

vit D Supplement of 8.5 - 10mg of vit D/ day

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23
Q

What supplements should the breatfeeding mothers take?

A

vit D supplements of 10 microgram/ day

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24
Q

Which infants do not require vit D supplements?

A

breastfed babies who have infant formula > 500ml of formula/ day. as infant formula has added Vit D

25
Q

How much sodium is there in each gram of salt?

A

393 mg sodium

26
Q

What is the DoB recommendation for sodium intake for children <12 months of age?

A

<400 mg (1 g of salt)

27
Q

What is the DoB recommendation for sodium intake for children aged 1 - 3 years?

A

<800 mg (2g salt)

28
Q

How is the RNI intake for all age groups for salt?

A

Exceeded the RNI in all age groups excluding 4-6 months

29
Q

How is the intake of salt in Scotland acc. to RNI?

A

higher than the UK sample

30
Q

What are the biggest sources of calcium and iron in infants less than 12 months?

A

infant formula

31
Q

What are the biggest sources of calcium in infants older than 12 months?

A

milk

32
Q

How much should total fat consitute our totaly energy suplly?

A

no more than 35% of food energy

33
Q

How much should trans fatty acids consitute our totaly energy suplly?

A

no more than 1% of food en ergy

34
Q

How much should saturated fatty acids consitute our totaly energy suplly?

A

mo more than 11% of our food energy

35
Q

How much should free sugars consitute our totaly energy suplly?

A

No more than 5% of food energy

36
Q

How much fibre should we have per day?

A

25g/ day

37
Q

What is the optimun time till which breastfeeding should be done?

A

1- 6 months

38
Q

What determines the marketing of breast milk subsitutes?

A

WHO code

Infant formula and follow-on and formula (scotland) regulations 2007

39
Q

What is infant formula fundamentally?

A

modified cow’s milk
whey or casein based formula
-no anti0microbial or bioactive substances from breats milk

40
Q

Which formulas are easier to digest for a baby and recommeded for the first year?

A

whey based formula

41
Q

What is follow-on formula?

A

manufactured for infants after 6 months
but not much different from the regular formula
–> use the normal formula for the 1st year then

42
Q

What is weaning?

A

it is complementary feeding along with breastmil?

43
Q

at which age should children be started to wean?

A

6 months, and not before 17 weeks

44
Q

Why is the transition from breastmilk to family foods important?

A

as breats milk not enought to meet nutritional needs

some may need to start earlier but not before 4 months

breast should be the main type of milk consumed though

45
Q

Why is breats milk still preferred over skimmed/ skimmed milk even during weaning?

A

as it has more energy and micro-nutrients along with factors that make the immunity better

46
Q

by when can cow’s milk be introduced to kids?

A

introduced as a drink from 12 motnhs

can be used to make food form 6 - 9 months

47
Q

what is compulsory if food is introduced to babies before 6 months?

A

it should be gluten free
sugar and salt shouldnt be added
salty food should be avoided
foods that can cause allergies should be introduced one at a time

48
Q

What other factors should be kept in mind during complenetary feeding?

A

foods rich in absorbable iron regularly (eg: red meat, canned fish, well-cooked eggs)

low-sugar breakfast with cortified iron
avoid whole nuts and seeds until 5 years –> to prevent choking

49
Q

How frequently should teeth be cleaned?

A

gentyly twice a day as they appear using a 1000ppm fluoride toothpaste

50
Q

What happens if complementary skills arent introduced at the right age/ weaning is late ?

A

affects nutritional needs, micronutrient deficiencies (iron and Zn) along with gorss motor skills such a chewing and acceptance of new tastes and textures may not be ensured, , infant-carer sociorelationships

51
Q

How does school age affect nutrition for school-age kids?

A

can have chronic disease

disordered eating patterns (faddism etc..)

suplly. demand imbalance (obesity)

52
Q

How does adolescence affect a child nutrient demands?

A

they attain independence and the ability to parents, and accelreated growth –> increasing nutritional demands

53
Q

What are the vulnerabilities of nutrition in adolescents?

A

eating disorders
obesity
early pregnancy

54
Q

Why does WhO recommend exclusice breast feeding for the 1st 6 months of life?

A 
immunological factors
anti-infective agents
growth factors modulators if intestinal growth
reduction in diarrhoea
reduction in resp infection
colonic function
reduction in atopic disease
55
Q

Which social group is faltering growth usually seen?

A

Slightly higher rates in most (asn lesy) deprived areas

majority - average areas

parent educational level, abuse, doesnt affect it

56
Q

When should kids start using cups/ beakers and start briushing?

A

cups/ beakers –> from 6 months

brush –> as soon as teeth start coming

57
Q

What incraeses the risk of dental carrir in kids?

A

amount of free sugars and the frequency of intake of free sugars

58
Q

How is childhood obesity associated with parental factors?

A

if one or more parents are overweight, high chances that the children can be obese

  • maternal obesity
  • early weaning
  • rapid weight gain in the 1st 2 years
59
Q

What influences the timing of solid food to infants?

A

socio-cultural factors

  • living in deprived areas
  • opionion of maternal grandmother
  • personal opinions on when to feed solid food in the society
  • lack of encouragement to wait until the baby was 4 months
  • being in receipt of free sample of manufactured food

Child Health (13 decks)

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