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Child Health > Normal development > Flashcards

Normal development Flashcards

1
Q

What is IQ?

A

o Intelligence quotient

o Measures Mental Age/Chronological age

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2
Q

What factors influence normal development in children?

A

o Genetic
o Nutritional
o Environmental

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3
Q

Which pair of twins have a higher correlation btw them: fraternal or identical?

A

Identical twins

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4
Q

What is the importance of environment in child development?

A

It sets the background in which genes can be expressed

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5
Q

How does malnutrition affect children?

A

Decreases the protein level in brain cells

Damage can be permanent if it affects kids before the age of 6 months

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6
Q

What is the biggest contributor to child mortality under the age of 5?

A

Infections –> due to increased susceptibility from malnutrition

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7
Q

What are developmental milestones?

A

Key stage when a new skill is developed

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8
Q

What is median age?

A

It is the age when half the population (50%) achieve a skill

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9
Q

What is the limit age?

A

It is the age by which a skill should have been acquired by 97.5% of the children

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10
Q

What are the factors that we need to know to assess development?

A
  • normal milestones
  • normal variations
  • developmental age vs chronological age
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11
Q

What is the limit age for children to start walking?

A

18 months

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12
Q

What is developmental age?

A

It is the age at which they function emotionally, physically, cognitively and socially

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13
Q

How is the developmental age of a premature baby calculated?

A

Their milestones will be taken from their due date than their actual date of birth

By the age of 2 their developement will even out with their peers and their actual birth date can be used.

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14
Q

What is the median age for children to walk?

A

12 months

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15
Q

By what age do 75% of the children start walking?

A

13 months

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16
Q

What are the 5 principles of development?

A
  • Continuous process
  • Maturation of nervous system
  • Sequence same but rate varies
  • Cephalocaudal direction
  • Generalised mass activity changing to more specific controlled movements
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17
Q

Which direction does growth begin in?

A

Cephalocaudally

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18
Q

What are the 4 areas into which development is divided?

A

Gross motor
Fine motor and vision
Language and hearing
Social behaviour and play

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19
Q

Are the sequences of growth same in children?

A

yes

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20
Q

What are the variants in the growth development in children?

A

Rate of development varies from one child to the other

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21
Q

What are the milestones for gross motor skills in children?

o	Head control			  	
o	Sitting balance		  	              
o	Crawling			  	
o	Standing				
o	Runs                  		                	
o	Stairs – 2 feet/tread			
o	Stairs – alternate feet                                 
o	Hops
A

o Head control 3 months
o Sitting balance 6 months
o Crawling 9 months
o Standing 12 months
o Runs 18 months
o Stairs – 2 feet/tread 24 months
o Stairs – alternate feet 36 months
o Hops 48 months

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22
Q

What are primitve reflexes in children?

A

Primitive reflexes are reflexes originating from the CNS in babies but not neurologically intact adults

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23
Q

What are the major primitve reflexes in children?

A 
Rooting and sucking
Palmar and plantar grasp
Moro
ATNR (asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex)
Stepping and Placing
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24
Q

What is rooting and sucking reflex?

A

 Rooting - Baby’s mouth stroked/ touched - the baby turns the head and opens his/her mouth to helps follows towards their mom and find the breast bottle to suck and feed
 Sucking – if the roof of the baby’s mouth is touched - it opens its mouth and begins to suck, ready and helps in sucking milk

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25
Q

What is palmar and plantar grasp?

A

 Palmar- grasp and close on anything that touches the palm of the baby
 Plantar – if the sole of the feet of babies are touched -> they close around the object

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26
Q

What is moro/ startle reflex?

A

if they are startled by a loud noise or movement, the head falls back, the arms and legs extend out and reaches out to grab anything

27
Q

What is ATNR?

A

Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex

to protect babies from rolling off, if their head turns to one side their hands also extend and turn out to that side

28
Q

What are the stepping and placing relfexes?

A

the baby appears to step or dance when they are held upright with their feet on a solid surface

29
Q

What is the importance of losing primitive reflexes?

A

o Helps to grow further fine skills
o Lose by around 3 months – 9 months
o If not -> poor motor ability, affect physical movement, psychomotor disturbances

30
Q

What are parachute reflexes?

A

oDevelops at around 5-6 months (older infants)
oprevents the babies from falling over, not a primitive reflex
owhen the baby is held upright and the face falls forward (as in falling), the baby will extend their arms forward as if to break a fall

31
Q

What is the safest position to put the baby to sleep?

A

On the baby’s back.

32
Q

Why should babies not be put to sleep on their side or tummy?

A

As it can lead to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

33
Q

Is tummy time important for kids?

A

Yes, as it helps to keep them calm and out of distress

34
Q

What is the limit age to walk independently?

A

18 months

if they don’t walk by then they should be taken to a specialist

35
Q

What are the key milestones in fine mototr development and vision?

A

Hand regard in midline 3 months
Grasps toy - palmar 6 months
Scissor grasp 9 months
Pincer grasp 12 months
Tower of 3-4 bricks 18 months
Tower of 6-7/scribble 24 months
Tower of 9 bricks/copies circle 36 months
Draws simple man 48 months

36
Q

How is the grip by 6 months?

A

palmar grasp

37
Q

How is the grip by 9 months?

A

scissor grasp

38
Q

How is the grip by 12 months?

A

fine pincer grasp

39
Q

By what time do kids study their hands in the midline?

A

3 months

40
Q

What are parents falsely reassured of when kids study their hands midline?

A

They think that their child’s vision is intact

41
Q

What are the dangers associated with the age when pincer grip has been established?

A

Choking, as they can take everything with their hand and put it in their mouth

42
Q

How does the digital pronate grip start?

A

from the palmar grasp

43
Q

By what age are kids expected to start scribbling?

A

15 months

44
Q

By what age are kids expected to draw a simple picture and copy pictures?

A

4 years (48 months)

45
Q

What are the milestones in hearing and language?

A
  • Vocalises 3 months
  • Babbles 6 months
  • Imitates sounds 9 months
  • Knows name 12 months
  • 2 body parts/5-20 words 18 months
  • Simple instructions/50+ words 24 months
  • Complex instructions/asks questions 36 months
  • Can tell stories of experiences 48 months
46
Q

By what age are kids expected to start vocalising?

A

3 months

47
Q

By what age are kids expected to know their name?

A

12 months

48
Q

• At which stage is hearing screened?

A

neonatal screening

49
Q

When is higher frequency sometimes not heard?

A

o If they have sticky ears and hence can only hear low pitched sounds

50
Q

What are the false leads to parents that their kids can hear them?

A

The kids might see a shadow, a daft of wind, perfume etc.. and might not be actually turning to the sound

51
Q

How are communication skills developed?

A

Quite varied, and increased screen time leads to decreased development of the skills

52
Q

How does having the tv on in the background affect the children’s language skills?

A

Decreases the interaction btw the parents are kids (decreased from 990 words/ hr to 110 word/ hr)

Can affect the kids comm skills

53
Q

What is the major influencer about the cognitive developmental skills of a child?

A

How fast they communicate

54
Q

What are kids usually able to do by 2 years?

A

Know about 50 words
join 2-3 words together
follow simple instructions

55
Q

• What is a really important milestone that binds the relationship of a child and their parent?

A

social smile

56
Q

By what median age why which a child is expected to have a social smile?

A

6 weeks

57
Q

What is the significance of social smile?

A

Increased the bond btw the parents and kids

If they cant see it -> maybe it’s a visual problem. Should be immediately referred

58
Q

What is the limit age for social smile in an infant?

A

8 weeks

59
Q

What are the milestones in social behaviour and play?

A

o Social smile 6 weeks
o Pleasure on friendly handling 3 months
o Plays with feet/friendly with strangers 6 months
o Plays peek-a-boo/stranger awareness 9 months
o Drinks from cup/waves bye-bye 12 months
o Feeds with spoon 18 months
o Symbolic play/puts on some clothes 2 years
o Pretend interactive play/toilet-trained 3 years
o Understands turn-taking/dresses fully 4 years

60
Q

Was the age to be toilet trained always 3 years?

A

No, was quite lesser before

Expected 18-19 months before (as the amenities and comforts ass with nappies weren’t there)

61
Q

• Who do kids have a tendency to look at?

A

their mom’s face

62
Q

How much activity should a toddler who can walk on its own do?

A

180 min (3 hours of moderate to intense activity)

63
Q

How much activity should children btw 5 -18 years of age be doing?

A

60 min of activity every day

Child Health (13 decks)

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