Normal development

Question 1

What is IQ?

Answer 1

o Intelligence quotient

o Measures Mental Age/Chronological age

Question 2

What factors influence normal development in children?

Answer 2

o Genetic
o Nutritional
o Environmental

Question 3

Which pair of twins have a higher correlation btw them: fraternal or identical?

Answer 3

Identical twins

Question 4

What is the importance of environment in child development?

Answer 4

It sets the background in which genes can be expressed

Question 5

How does malnutrition affect children?

Answer 5

Decreases the protein level in brain cells

Damage can be permanent if it affects kids before the age of 6 months

Question 6

What is the biggest contributor to child mortality under the age of 5?

Answer 6

Infections –> due to increased susceptibility from malnutrition

Question 7

What are developmental milestones?

Answer 7

Key stage when a new skill is developed

Question 8

What is median age?

Answer 8

It is the age when half the population (50%) achieve a skill

Question 9

What is the limit age?

Answer 9

It is the age by which a skill should have been acquired by 97.5% of the children

Question 10

What are the factors that we need to know to assess development?

Answer 10

• normal milestones
• normal variations
• developmental age vs chronological age

Question 11

What is the limit age for children to start walking?

Answer 11

18 months

Question 12

What is developmental age?

Answer 12

It is the age at which they function emotionally, physically, cognitively and socially

Question 13

How is the developmental age of a premature baby calculated?

Answer 13

Their milestones will be taken from their due date than their actual date of birth

By the age of 2 their developement will even out with their peers and their actual birth date can be used.

Question 14

What is the median age for children to walk?

Answer 14

12 months

Question 15

By what age do 75% of the children start walking?

Answer 15

13 months

Question 16

What are the 5 principles of development?

Answer 16

• Continuous process
• Maturation of nervous system
• Sequence same but rate varies
• Cephalocaudal direction
• Generalised mass activity changing to more specific controlled movements

Question 17

Which direction does growth begin in?

Answer 17

Cephalocaudally

Question 18

What are the 4 areas into which development is divided?

Answer 18

Gross motor
Fine motor and vision
Language and hearing
Social behaviour and play

Question 19

Are the sequences of growth same in children?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

What are the variants in the growth development in children?

Answer 20

Rate of development varies from one child to the other

Question 21

What are the milestones for gross motor skills in children?

o	Head control			  	
o	Sitting balance		  	              
o	Crawling			  	
o	Standing				
o	Runs                  		                	
o	Stairs – 2 feet/tread			
o	Stairs – alternate feet                                 
o	Hops

Answer 21

o Head control 3 months
o Sitting balance 6 months
o Crawling 9 months
o Standing 12 months
o Runs 18 months
o Stairs – 2 feet/tread 24 months
o Stairs – alternate feet 36 months
o Hops 48 months

Question 22

What are primitve reflexes in children?

Answer 22

Primitive reflexes are reflexes originating from the CNS in babies but not neurologically intact adults

Question 23

What are the major primitve reflexes in children?

Answer 23

Rooting and sucking
Palmar and plantar grasp
Moro
ATNR (asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex)
Stepping and Placing

Question 24

What is rooting and sucking reflex?

Answer 24

 Rooting - Baby’s mouth stroked/ touched - the baby turns the head and opens his/her mouth to helps follows towards their mom and find the breast bottle to suck and feed
 Sucking – if the roof of the baby’s mouth is touched - it opens its mouth and begins to suck, ready and helps in sucking milk

Question 25

What is palmar and plantar grasp?

Answer 25

 Palmar- grasp and close on anything that touches the palm of the baby  Plantar – if the sole of the feet of babies are touched -> they close around the object

Question 26

What is moro/ startle reflex?

Answer 26

if they are startled by a loud noise or movement, the head falls back, the arms and legs extend out and reaches out to grab anything

Question 27

What is ATNR?

Answer 27

Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex | to protect babies from rolling off, if their head turns to one side their hands also extend and turn out to that side

Question 28

What are the stepping and placing relfexes?

Answer 28

the baby appears to step or dance when they are held upright with their feet on a solid surface

Question 29

What is the importance of losing primitive reflexes?

Answer 29

o Helps to grow further fine skills o Lose by around 3 months – 9 months o If not -> poor motor ability, affect physical movement, psychomotor disturbances

Question 30

What are parachute reflexes?

Answer 30

oDevelops at around 5-6 months (older infants) oprevents the babies from falling over, not a primitive reflex owhen the baby is held upright and the face falls forward (as in falling), the baby will extend their arms forward as if to break a fall

Question 31

What is the safest position to put the baby to sleep?

Answer 31

On the baby's back.

Question 32

Why should babies not be put to sleep on their side or tummy?

Answer 32

As it can lead to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Question 33

Is tummy time important for kids?

Answer 33

Yes, as it helps to keep them calm and out of distress

Question 34

What is the limit age to walk independently?

Answer 34

18 months | if they don't walk by then they should be taken to a specialist

Question 35

What are the key milestones in fine mototr development and vision?

Answer 35

Hand regard in midline 3 months Grasps toy - palmar 6 months Scissor grasp 9 months Pincer grasp 12 months Tower of 3-4 bricks 18 months Tower of 6-7/scribble 24 months Tower of 9 bricks/copies circle 36 months Draws simple man 48 months

Question 36

How is the grip by 6 months?

Answer 36

palmar grasp

Question 37

How is the grip by 9 months?

Answer 37

scissor grasp

Question 38

How is the grip by 12 months?

Answer 38

fine pincer grasp

Question 39

By what time do kids study their hands in the midline?

Answer 39

3 months

Question 40

What are parents falsely reassured of when kids study their hands midline?

Answer 40

They think that their child's vision is intact

Question 41

What are the dangers associated with the age when pincer grip has been established?

Answer 41

Choking, as they can take everything with their hand and put it in their mouth

Question 42

How does the digital pronate grip start?

Answer 42

from the palmar grasp

Question 43

By what age are kids expected to start scribbling?

Answer 43

15 months

Question 44

By what age are kids expected to draw a simple picture and copy pictures?

Answer 44

4 years (48 months)

Question 45

What are the milestones in hearing and language?

Answer 45

* Vocalises 3 months * Babbles 6 months * Imitates sounds 9 months * Knows name 12 months * 2 body parts/5-20 words 18 months * Simple instructions/50+ words 24 months * Complex instructions/asks questions 36 months * Can tell stories of experiences 48 months

Question 46

By what age are kids expected to start vocalising?

Answer 46

3 months

Question 47

By what age are kids expected to know their name?

Answer 47

12 months

Question 48

• At which stage is hearing screened?

Answer 48

neonatal screening

Question 49

When is higher frequency sometimes not heard?

Answer 49

o If they have sticky ears and hence can only hear low pitched sounds

Question 50

What are the false leads to parents that their kids can hear them?

Answer 50

The kids might see a shadow, a daft of wind, perfume etc.. and might not be actually turning to the sound

Question 51

How are communication skills developed?

Answer 51

Quite varied, and increased screen time leads to decreased development of the skills

Question 52

How does having the tv on in the background affect the children’s language skills?

Answer 52

Decreases the interaction btw the parents are kids (decreased from 990 words/ hr to 110 word/ hr) Can affect the kids comm skills

Question 53

What is the major influencer about the cognitive developmental skills of a child?

Answer 53

How fast they communicate

Question 54

What are kids usually able to do by 2 years?

Answer 54

Know about 50 words join 2-3 words together follow simple instructions

Question 55

• What is a really important milestone that binds the relationship of a child and their parent?

Answer 55

social smile

Question 56

By what median age why which a child is expected to have a social smile?

Answer 56

6 weeks

Question 57

What is the significance of social smile?

Answer 57

Increased the bond btw the parents and kids If they cant see it -> maybe it's a visual problem. Should be immediately referred

Question 58

What is the limit age for social smile in an infant?

Answer 58

8 weeks

Question 59

What are the milestones in social behaviour and play?

Answer 59

o Social smile 6 weeks o Pleasure on friendly handling 3 months o Plays with feet/friendly with strangers 6 months o Plays peek-a-boo/stranger awareness 9 months o Drinks from cup/waves bye-bye 12 months o Feeds with spoon 18 months o Symbolic play/puts on some clothes 2 years o Pretend interactive play/toilet-trained 3 years o Understands turn-taking/dresses fully 4 years

Question 60

Was the age to be toilet trained always 3 years?

Answer 60

No, was quite lesser before Expected 18-19 months before (as the amenities and comforts ass with nappies weren't there)

Question 61

• Who do kids have a tendency to look at?

Answer 61

their mom's face

Question 62

How much activity should a toddler who can walk on its own do?

Answer 62

180 min (3 hours of moderate to intense activity)

Question 63

How much activity should children btw 5 -18 years of age be doing?

Answer 63

60 min of activity every day