Nutritional considerations of infants, young children and adolescents

Question 1

3 phases of child growth

Answer 1

Infant (nutrients)
Child (growth hormone)
Pubertal (sex hormone)

Question 2

EAR

Answer 2

Estimated average requirement, about 1/2 will need more and 1/2 will need less

Question 3

LRNI

Answer 3

Lower reference nutrient intake

sufficient for 3% of population with lowest needs

Question 4

RNI

Answer 4

Reference nutrient intake

Sufficient for 97% population

Question 5

Do people eat enough protein?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

Where do you get vitamin A from?

Answer 6

Cheese, eggs, yoghurt

Question 7

Do people get enough vitamin A?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

Do people get enough vit C?

Answer 8

Yes (oranges, blackcurrants, potatoes)

Question 9

Do people get enough vitamin D?

Answer 9

No (main source sun, some in oily fish, eggs)

Question 10

What vitamins should people take? And at what age?

Answer 10

Recommended that from 6 months, all children consuming

Question 11

What supplement should breast feeding mothers take?

Answer 11

Vitamin D

-target not met (46%)

Question 12

Sodium children 4-6 months

Answer 12

280mg

Question 13

Sodium children 7-9 months

Answer 13

320mg

Question 14

Sodium children 10-11 months

Answer 14

350mg

Question 15

Sodium children 12-18 months

Answer 15

500mg

Question 16

Total fat recommendations

Answer 16

No more than 35% food energy

Question 17

Sat fatty acids recommendations

Answer 17

No more than 11% food energy

Question 18

Trans fatty acids recommendations

Answer 18

No more than 1% energy

Question 19

Non-milk extrinsic sugars recommendations

Answer 19

No more than 11% food energy

Question 20

Fibre recommendations

Answer 20

At least 18g/day

Question 21

Infants not yet walking

Answer 21

Encourage from birth
– Floor based & water-based activities in safe environments
– Minimise time spent sedentary for extended periods (except sleeping)

Question 22

Children capable of walking

Answer 22

Children capable of walking
– 180 minutes throughout the day
– Minimise time spent sedentary for extended periods (except sleeping)

Question 23

Exercise guidelines 5-18 years

Answer 23

≥ 60 minutes/day of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity
• 3 days/week - vigorous intensity activities

Question 24

Breast feeding recommendations

Answer 24

At least first 6 months

Question 25

Transition from exclusive milk feeding to family foods

Answer 25

Breast milk no longer enough to meet nutritional needs Start at about 6 months of age
Some may need to start earlier but not before 4 months Breast milk should be the main type of milk consumed

Question 26

Full fat/unmodified cows milk

Answer 26

Can be used in small amounts in cooking from 6-9 months
Can be gradually introduced as a drink from 12 months
Semi-skimmed milk should not be given before 2 years
Skimmed milk should not be given before 5 years

Question 27

When do you introduce complementary foods?

Answer 27

Around 6 months of age

Question 28

Should first foods be gluten free?

Answer 28

Yes if

Question 29

Avoid whole nuts and seeds until when

Answer 29

5 years

Question 30

Which toothpaste should you use?

Answer 30

1000ppm fluoride toothpaste

Question 31

How often should you feed a baby?

-6-8 months

Answer 31

2-3 times a day

Question 32

How often should you feed a baby

9-11 months 12-14 months

Answer 32

9-11: 3-4 times a day

12-14: 3-4 times a day plus nutritious snacks

Question 33

Which nutrient deficiencies might develop if late weaning

Answer 33

Iron and zinc (breast milk cannot provide enough)

Question 34

Why breast feed?

Answer 34

• Immunological features
• Anti-infective agents
• Growth factors
• Modulators of intestinal growth
• Reduction in diarrhoea
• Reduction in respiratory infection
• Colonic function
• Reduction in atopic disease
Greater likelihood of higher IQ at 71⁄2 years Lower obesity risk for baby in later life Lower maternal breast cancer risk

Question 35

What should you do for optimum dental health?

Answer 35

For optimum dental health children should be introduced to drinking from cups or beakers from about six months of age & tooth brushing should begin as soon as teeth begin to appear