Nutritional and dietary needs of different groups of people. Flashcards
For babies, what should be considered when giving them meals?
- Small, soft and nutrient dense portion sizes as they have small stomachs.
- Frequent meals.
For toddlers and pre-school children, how many portions of food do they need in starchy foods, fruit & veg, dairy foods and protein?
Starchy foods (complex carbs) - 5
Fruit and veg - 5
Dairy - 3
Protein - 3
What 2 nutrients do milk provide babies?
Calcium and vitamin A
Which 5 nutrients do children need in good amounts?
Protein, fat, carbs, vitamin A, calcium.
Why do children need proteins and what is an example of protein that kids could be fed?
- Help for growth and repair
- E.g. boiled egg or fish fingers
Why do children need carbs and fat and what is an example of carbs they could be fed?
- Starchy carbs and fat provide energy for growth and physical activity.
- e.g. Carbs - mashed potato
- e.g. fat - peanuts, avocado
Why do children need calcium and vitamin D and what is an example of carbs they could be fed?
- Health bone and teeth development.
e. g. calcium - yoghurt tubes, milk and cheese
e. g. vitamin D - tuna and salmon
Which 5 nutrients do teens need in good amounts?
Protein, calcium, vitamin D, iron, vitamin c
Why do teens need protein and what are example foods?
- To cope with growth spurts.
- Boys need more protein as muscular tissue develops.
E.g. omelettes and chicken.
Why do teens need iron and vitamin C and what are example foods?
- Teenage girls lose iron during menstruation and it must be replaced or they become anaemic. e.g beef, spinach
- Vitamin C helps the body absorb the iron. e.g. strawberries and peppers
Why do teens need calcium and vitamin D what are example foods?
- Skeletons grow quick and they help the bones reach peak size and bone density.
Calcium - milk, yogurt, kale
Vit D - tuna, salmon and mackerel.
How do adults maintain a healthy lifestyle and stay disease free?
Follow the eatwell plate.
Which 3 nutrients are important for women?
Iron, calcium and vitamin D
What is the significance of iron, calcium and vitamin D?
Iron - replace lost iron during menstruation
Calcium & Vit D - reduce chance of bone disease as women can rapidly lose bone strength after menopause.
Women should adapt their diet during pregnancy, what nutrient are they encouraged to take and why?
- Folic acid in the early trimesters to reduce the risk of spina bifida.
Why is it essential that a pregnant woman is not overweight or underweight?
Underweight - major organs are developed in 1st trimester.
Overweight - hard to lose weight and increases blood pressure causing gestational diabetes.
During pregnancy which nutrients need to be increased and why?
Calories - 200 more towards the end of pregnancy to support the babies growth.
Folic acid - reduces risk of spina bifida
Vitamin A - helps with development of babies major organs. Supports metabolism and immune system.
Zinc - helps construct baby’s cells & DNA, also helps with division and tissue growth
How can excessive weight gain be avoided of pregnant women?
5/6 small meals a day rather than 3 large meals.
What dietary factors need to be considered in terms of fat, sugar and pulses, fruit/veg and wholegrain?
Reduce fat + sugar - weight gain, diabetes risk
Increase pulses, fruit & veg, wholegrain - fibre and helps with constipation.
In terms of fluids what factors should be considered (for pregnant women)?
Decrease tea and coffee - tannin and caffeine don’t help with iron, zinc and calcium absorption.
Increase the amount of water drank as absorption takes longer.
What foods/nutrients should be avoided during pregnancy?
Liver - too much vitamin A - toxic to baby
Shark, swordfish - too much mercury harming the baby
Unpasteurised dairy - contaminated by listeria which can cause a miscarriage or infect the baby.
Alcohol - can cause FASDs
What are FASDs?
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Such as a miscarriage, stillbirth, lifelong physical, behavioural and intellectual disabilities.
Define food intolerance.
- Sensitivity or detrimental reaction to a food
Define anaphylactic reaction.
Serious/extreme allergic reaction needing immediate medical treatment.
What does it meant to have coeliac disease?
Allergy to protein glucose present in cereals wheat, barley and rye.
What does it mean to be lactose intolerant?
Unable to digest milk sugar lactose.
What causes a nut allergy?
- First contact with nut allergen causes your immune system to trigger a response
- Second contact causes full allergic reaction.
What are symptoms of a mild allergic nut reaction?
- Mouth, lip and face swelling
- Hives, nettle rash
- Abdominal pain
- Tight-feeling around throat
What are symptoms of an anaphylactic nut reaction?
- Same as mild ones +
- Wheezing, swelling around the throat (asthma like attack)
- Skin redness
- Increased heart rate
- Low blood pressure, faint feeling.
How to prevent nut allergy reactions.
- Check food labels and avoid nut foods
- Avoid eating from buffets or bakeries with food containing nuts.
What are treatments for allergic reaction?
If anaphylactic - inject with adrenaline or result could be fatal.
Mild reaction - have an antihistamine tabled blocking histamine which is released during an allergic reaction.
What nutrients do nuts contain, and if one has a nut allergy what food can replace the nutrition of a nut?
Nut - monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid), protein, antioxidants, vits & minerals, omega 3 - fatty acid.
Alternative - olive oil, avocado, sunflower seeds
What are the symptoms of diabetes?
- High blood glucose levels
- Blurred vision
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Painful urination
- Hunger and vomiting
- Thirst
What causes diabetes?
- Overweight
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Hereditary links
What is lactose intolerance?
- Body is unable to digest lactose.
- Leads to lactose being fermented rather than broken down by enzymes.
- NOT AN ALLERGY
What are the causes of lactose intolerance?
- Not enough lactase produced, so lactose stays in the digestive system and is fermented by bacteria producing gases and cause symptoms for lactose intolerance.
Give some examples of foods with lactose.
- Milk based beverages - e.g. milkshakes
- Whipping cream
- Ice cream etc
- Cheese
- Butter
What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?
Develop few hours within consumption of lactose.
- Flatulence - farting
- Diarrhoea
- Stomach bloating
- Stomach cramps and pain
- Stomach rumbling
How can lactose intolerance be managed?
- Goats over cows milk
- Calcium rich foods
- Organic fermented dairy
- Coconut oil in cooking
- Ghee over but
- Probiotics
- Vit K
What are DRVs?
Dietary reference values
- estimated dietary requirements for groups of the population for nutrients needed for good health.
What are macronutrients?
- Fats, proteins and carbs
- Nutrients needed in large amounts
What are micronutrients?
- Vits and minerals
- required in smaller quantities
What are EARs?
Estimated average requirements
- estimate of average energy or nutrient intake needed for 50% of the population
What is an RNI?
Reference nutrient intake
- used for recommendation on vitamins, proteins and minerals
- amounts of nutrients needed to satisfy the needs of 97.5% of the population.
What is an LRNI?
Lower reference nutrient intake
- Accounts for 2.5% of the population who have low requirements (the rest of the population needs more)
