Nutrition week 6-8 Flashcards
Different bacteria are introduced during lifetime:
-during a vaginal delivery….
lactobacillus
prevotekka
atopobium
sneathia
Different bacteria are introduced during lifetime:
-formula fed
B-fragilis
E. coli
C. difficile
Different bacteria are introduced during lifetime:
-breast fed
bifidobacterium ruminococcus
500 bacterial species colonise the adult _______, with 30–40 species comprising up to 99% of the total population.
intestine
The vast majority (99%) belonged to five bacterial phyla:
Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria.
ROLE OF GUT MICROBES….
- Help to control GIT inflammation ,pain and irritability caused by harmful microbes
- Prevent proliferation of microbes that produce enzymes such as glycosidase that transform precarcinogens to carcinogens
Break down a number of dietary substances that are______and convert into nutrients that can be absorbed nd utilized
non-digestible e.g. fibre
The predominant end products of bacterial fermentation in the gut are……….
short
chain fatty acids/volatile fatty acids (SCFA/VFA) produced in the colon (acetate, propionate, and butyrate.)
___________is metabolised primarily by the intestinal epithelium, where it is converted to ketone bodies or oxidised to CO2
butyrate
Butyrate increases …..
production of secreted mucus and supports regulatory T- cell function in the gut
AND has anti-tumor properties
short chain fatty acids have been implicated in stimulating….
intestinal blood flow and stimulate epithelial proliferation and differentiation.
Loss of integrity to epithelial gut barrier is referred to as the
leaky gut
The microbiota, the gut, and the brain communicate in a bidirectional way through
vagus nerve (nucleus soltarius)
- sense mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli including food/microbiota metabolites
- Called enteroendocrine cells or neuropod cells
GVAs: gut interoceptors
GVEs:parasympatheticstimulationofdigestioniswell- known. But another role is an anti-inflammatory efferent pathway→
dampen peripheral inflammation and decreases intestinal permeability
Stress inhibits the
vagal parasympathetic output
in animal studies….gut microbiota influence ______
serotonin levels
any change to the composition of resident commensal communities relative to the community found in healthy individuals
dysbiosis
What is speculated based on microbial communities in patients and mouse models of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis (UC), diabetes, asthma, allergies and even autism
speculated that these observed changes in microbial composition are contributing factors to the initiation and/or persistence of many of these diseases
What is the Microbiome in Crohn’s Disease/Ulcerative Colitis compared to healthy subjects?
- Lower bacterial diversity
- reduction in Firmicutes, and especially clostridium
live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts
confer a health benefit on the host
probiotics
most commonly used species of bacteria or fungi in probiotics?
lactobacilli and bifidobacteria
what are the beneficial effects of probiotics?
crowding out harmful, beneficial as long as
present
What have studies concluded from USE OF PROBIOTICS AS A TREATMENT?
Several studies reported a significant reduction in the incidence and severity of allergic diseases after probiotic treatment, but some didnt.
**cannot be generally recommended for the treatment of eczema or the prevention of allergies in general (eczema, rhinitis, asthma, and food allergy).
