Nutrition

Question 1

Macronutrients

Answer 1

Protein, fat, carbohydrates

Question 2

1g fat = ? Cal

Answer 2

9 Cal

Question 3

1g carbohydrate= ? Cal

Answer 3

4 Cal

Question 4

1g protein= ? Cal

Answer 4

4 Cal

Question 5

1g alcohol= ? Cal

Answer 5

7 Cal

Question 6

1g dietary fiber= ? Cal

Answer 6

3 Cal

Question 7

What are average basal needs?

Answer 7

2000 Cal/day

Question 8

What macronutrient supplies 60% of the body’s outgoing energy needs during rest?

Answer 8

Fat

Question 9

Average energy intake to maintain body energy stores in…

• Sedentary:
• moderately active:
• very active:

Answer 9

• Sedentary: 25-30 Cal/ kg/day ; 2000-2400 Cal
• moderately active: 30-35 Cal/ kg/day ; 2400-2800 Cal
• very active: 34-40 Cal/ kg/day ; 2800-3200 Cal

Question 10

Energy used for metabolism per unit time when the body is in complete mental and physical rest

Answer 10

Basal metabolic rate

Question 11

When is the BMR measurement taken?

Answer 11

12 hr fast, in a warm, comfortable, quiet room with subdued lighting

Question 12

What is measured in calorimetry?

Answer 12

• volume air inspired
• volume air expired
• fraction oxygen in inspired air (19-20% normal atmospheric)
• fraction oxygen in expired air

Question 13

1L O2 = ?Cals of O2

Answer 13

4.825 Cals of energy

Question 14

BMR increases with…

Answer 14

Body composition-Lean body mass
Eating (Thermidorian effect of food)
Height
Fever
Stresses
Temperature 
Hormones
Smoking
Caffeine

Question 15

BMR decreases with….

Answer 15

Fasting
Age
Gender (lower in females)
Malnutrition
Sleep

Question 16

The ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed can be calculated to yield information on the which macronutrients are being used/mobilised for energy: ratio of CO2 breathed off to O2 consumed

Answer 16

Respiratory Quotient

Question 17

respiratory quotient:

• CHO
• fat
• protein

Answer 17

• 1
• 0.7
  0. 8

Question 18

during fasting the first 6-24 h what is broken down?

Answer 18

breakdown of glycogen to restore glucose levels and release energy, but depleted after 24h

Question 19

during fasting 24-48 hrs what is happening?

-after 2 days?

Answer 19

the liver manufactures new glucose from amino acids
-After about 2 days, blood glucose levels fall to a new constant lower level, but stay within the normal range, reducing the need for amino acids.

Question 20

during fasting 3 days what happens?

Answer 20

breakdown of fat (stimulated by rising growth hormone levels). Glycerol is used for glucose production. Fatty acids used for energy. Ketone bodies, formed from fatty acids are used by the brain

Question 21

4th day fasting what happens?

Answer 21

pproximately 75% of the energy used by the brain is provided by ketones, which can increase over 70 fold during fasting.

Question 22

what happens beyond 5 days of fasting?

Answer 22

high levels of growth hormone and lower levels of thyroid hormone spare protein stores and stimulate fat mobilisation. Energy needs are met by the use of free fatty acids and ketones

Question 23

What is used for short term burning?

-long term?

Answer 23

glucose (short term)

fat (long term)

Question 24

Even under starvation conditions, the blood- glucose level must be maintained above ….

Answer 24

2.2 mM (40 mg/dl).

Question 25

plasma levels of fatty acids and ketone bodies _______in starvation and glucose_________

Answer 25

- increases | - decreases

Question 26

long periods of fasting are known as______

Answer 26

famine

Question 27

what is the 5:2 diet? (intermittent fasting)

Answer 27

estricts energy intake severely (500 - 600Cals) for 2 days a week but eating normally during the rest of the week

Question 28

What was concluded from the Patterson 2017 review about intermittent fasting and nightly fasting improvements to health

Answer 28

Intermittent fasting regimens are hypothesized to influence metabolic regulation via effects on (a) circadian biology, (b) the gut microbiome, and (c) modifiable lifestyle behaviors, such as sleep”.

Question 29

What are categories of metabolic regulation that are potential links with intermittent fasting with obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease?

Answer 29

- inflammation - insulin - lipids - satiety hormones

Question 30

experience with 18 obese patients who have undergone prolonged (60 days) therapeutic starvation shows that it is a safe procedure, but there are significant associated hazards, particularly a breakdown in......

Answer 30

electrolyte homeostasis

Question 31

according to Lierberson A. How Long Can a Person Survive without Food Scientific American November 8, 2004, what was concluded?

Answer 31

In a 1997 article well-documented studies reporting survivals of other hunger strikers for 28, 36, 38 and 40 days.

Question 32

What is carbs and protein converted to in excess?

Answer 32

fat

Question 33

Path from dietary fat to body fat is most direct and costs only a few Calories: triglyceride is ____for transport and reformed.If there is a mix with carbs and protein, ___________

Answer 33

broken down | fat tends not to be used for energy, but is just stored.

Question 34

To convert glucose to fat requires breakdown to______ then _____________

Answer 34

acetyl CoA | formation of fatty acids (glycerol formed from glycolysis

Question 35

To convert protein to fat is indirect and inefficient and only the ___________________can be used

Answer 35

energy yielding parts(not amine group→urea)

Question 36

ketongenic amino acids can't be used to replenish glucose, but can be used for ____________

Answer 36

every production

Question 37

electron transport chain results in how many ATP?

Answer 37

38 ATP