Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition > Nutrition through the Life Span: Pregnancy and Lactation > Flashcards

Nutrition through the Life Span: Pregnancy and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

What is essential to have prior to pregnancy?

A
  • Full nutrient stores before pregnancy are essential both to conception and to healthy infant development during pregnancy
  • in the early weeks of pregnancy, before many women know they are pregnant, significant developmental changes occur that depend on the women’s nutrient stores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Habits to establish prior to pregnancy (5)

A
  1. achieve and maintain a healthy body weight
  2. choose an adequate and balanced diet
  3. be physically active
  4. receive regular medical care
  5. avoid harmful influences (cigarettes, alcohol, drugs, environmental contaminants)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

PrePregnancy Weight: Underweight woman

A
  • High risk of have a low birth weight infant, especially if she is unable to gain sufficient weight during pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Low-birth weight baby

A
  • a birthweight less than 5.5 lb; indicated probably poor health in the newborn and poor nutrition status of the mother during pregnancy
  • optimal birthweight for full term baby is 6.8-7.9 lb
  • LBW infants are of two different types: Premature: they are born early and are of a weight appropriate for gestational age, or they have suffered growth failure in the uterus, they may or may not be born early, but they are small for gestational age
  • 40x more likely to die in first month of life.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

PrePregnancy Weight: Overweight and obesity

A
  • difficult labor and delivery, birth trauma (more intervention than required), and cesarean section
  • increased risk of neural tube defects, and other abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Healthy support tissues: placenta

A
  • prepregnancy nutrition is so crucial because it determines whether her uterus will be able to support the growth of a healthy placenta during first month of gestation.
  • highly metabolic organ
  • supplies nutrients and removes waste from the fetus
  • maternal and fetal blood vessels intertwine and exchange materials. the two bloodstreams never mix.
  • by way of the placenta the mothers digestive system, respiratory tract, and kidneys serve not only her needs but those of the fetus as well
  • produces numerous and diverse hormones that act to maintain pregnancy and prepare for lactation
  • brings oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide and waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Healthy support tissues: Umbilical cord

A
  • Pipeline from the placenta to the fetus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Effect of smoking during pregnancy

A

Smoking vasoconsricts BV that nourish the fetus. Infants born to mothers who smoke are smaller and have poorer nourishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Events of pregnancy: Fertilized ovum (zygote)

A

Newly fertilized ovum (female reproductive cell, capable of developing into a new organism upon fertilization; commonly referred to as an egg) is called a zygote (product of the union of ovum and sperm) rapidly divides and becomes a blastocyst (five days old and ready for implantation) floats down into uterus and implants (embeds itself in the wall of the uterus and begins to develop)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

1st Week nutrition considerations

A

smoking, drug abuse, and malnutrition may lead to implantation failure or to abnormalities such as neural tubal defects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The embryo and fetus

A

Embryo: infant from 2 to 8 weeks post conception
Fetus: infant from 8 weeks until birth (complete nervous system, a beating heart, a fully formed digestive system, well-defined fingers and toes and the beginnings of facial features)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gestation time and trimesters

A

38-42 weeks for most successful pregnancies
- 1st trimester: 1-12
- 2nd trimester: 13-26
- 3rd trimester: 27-40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

First Trimester Mom and Baby

A

Mom: rapid influx of hormones causes intense pregnancy symptoms
Baby: First heartbeat at 8 weeks; grows to 2.9” and 0.8oz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Second Trimester Mom and Baby

A

Mom: Most symptoms lessen, pregnancy starts to show
Baby: Gender reveal at 18-20 weeks; grows to 14” and 1.7 lbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Third Trimester Mom and Baby

A

Mom: Extra weight makes it harder to sleep and move
Baby: All organs finished maturing; grows to 20.3” and 8.1 lbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

effects of malnutrition during critical periods of pregnancy

A

seen in defects of the nervous system of the embryo, in the child’s poor dental health, and in the adolescent’s and adult’s vulnerability to infections and possibly higher risks of diabetes, HTN, stroke, or heart disease
- effects are irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Critical periods

A
  • a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages; usually a period of rapid cell division
  • whatever nutrients and other environmental conditions are necessary during this period must be supplied on time if the babys organ is to reach its full potential
  • Each organ has a window when it forms and this is the only opportunity for optimal development. If nutrients aren’t there the opportunity is lost for it to develop to its full potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

High-risk Pregnancy Factors

A
  • Prepregnancy BMI either < 18.5 or > 25.0
  • insufficient or excessive pregnancy weight gain
  • nutrient deficiencies or toxicities; eating disorders
  • poverty, lack of family support, low level of education, limited food availability
  • smoking, alcohol, or other drug use
  • age, especially 15 years or younger or 35 years or older
  • many previous pregnancies (three or more to mothers younger than 20; four or more to mothers age 20 or older)
  • short or long intervals between pregnancies
  • previous history of problems
  • twins or triplets
  • low- or high-birthweight iinfants
  • development of gestational hypertension
  • development of gestational diabetes
  • diabetes, HTN, heart, respiratory and kidney disease, genetic disorders, special diets and medications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nutrient Needs during pregnancy

A

in the first trimester the woman needs no extra energy. no extra calories are needed (to 12 weeks) not a ton of weight gain happens. Small in terms of overall growth
- 2nd trimester: extra 340 calories
- 3rd trimester: extra 450 calories
this is easy to do if you choose nutrient-dense foods from the five food groups (fruit, vegetables, grains, protein foods, milk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Examples of Nutrient dense foods

A
  • whole grain breads and cereals
  • dark green vegetables
  • legumes
  • citrus fruits
  • low-fat milk and milk products
  • lean meats
  • fish
  • poultry
  • eggs
21
Q

Energy:
Carbohydrate:
Protein:
Fat:

A
  • ample carbohydrates: 175g/day ideally to fuel fetal brain and spare proteins
  • fiber: constipation is a big deal in pregnancy. decreased motility and peristalsis
  • Protein RDA: 25g higher than you were already consuming
  • Fat: essential fatty acids. increase omega 3s and 6
22
Q

Micro/Macronutrients: Folate and Vitamin B12

A
  • needed in large amounts during pregnancy (new cells are laid down at a rapid pace and because mothers blood volume increases the number of RBCs must rise)
  • increase intake of folate from 400-600mcg/day
  • Neural tubal defects: a serious CNS birth defect that often results in lifelong disability or death. tube fails to close properly. types: spina bifida (incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement) and anencephaly (brain is missing)
  • development happens before week 12. neural tube has closed by the 6th week usually
  • careful consideration for vegans (b12)
23
Q

Sources of Folate and B12

A
  • intake of synthetic folic acid.
  • women who are capable of becoming pregnant are advise to obtain 400mcg of folic acid daily from supplements
  • need to also take greater amounts of B12 to assist folate in the manufacturing of new cells
  • liver, lentils, chickpeas or pinto beans, asparagus, spinach, avocado, orange juice, beets. fortified sources
24
Q

Vitamin D and calcium for bones

A
  • needed for developing fetal bones and teeth
  • also phosphorus, magnesium and floride
  • vitamin D needed for calcium absorption and utilization
  • 15ug of vit. D/day
  • calcium absorption doubles in pregnancy when mother stores the mineral in her bones. them there is a shift across placenta more than 300mg/day going to the fetus when baby’s bones begin to calcify
  • maternal vitamin D deficiency interferes with calcium metabolism in the infant
25
Q

Zinc

A
  • required for protein synthesis and cell development during pregnancy
  • most prenatal supplements supply the right balance of minerals for pregnancy
26
Q

Iron: prior to and during pregnancy

A
  • choose foods that supply heme iron (meat, seafood, poultry)
  • select additional iron-rich sources
  • consume foods that enhance iron absorption
  • fetus’s iron supply regulated by the placenta: given priority over those of the mother
  • rise in transferring so absorption of iron increases 3x
    • daily iron supplement is encouraged.
  • concerns - constipation and nausea
27
Q

hepcidin:

A

regulates iron balance. suppressed in 2nd and 3rd trimester so the placenta can take all the mothers iron for the fetus

28
Q

Supplements

A
  • pregnant women can meet their nutrient needs (except for iron) by making wise food choices. physicians often recommend daily multivitamin-mineral supplement for pregnant women.
  • provide more folic acid, calciu, and iron than regular supplements
  • women most likely to benefit from prenatal supplements during pregnancy include those who do not eat adequately, those carrying twins or triplets, those who smoke cigarettes, and those with alcohol use disorder or substance abuse disorder
29
Q

Choline

A

needed for the normal development of the brain and spinal cord

30
Q

Recommended Weight Gains Based on Prepregnancy Weight

A

Underweight: 28-40lb for single birth
Healthy Weight: 25-35lb for single birth
Overweight: 15-25lb
Obese: 11-20lb

31
Q

Weight loss after pregnancy

A
  • women typically retain a few pounds of fat
  • attain healthy weight prior to first pregnancy
  • maintain healthy weight between pregnancies
  • appropriate weight gain is essential for a healthy pregnancy
  • a womans prepregnancy BMI, her own nutrient needs, and the number of fetuses she is carrying help to determine appropriate weight gain
  • most women tend to retain a few pounds with each pregnancy
32
Q

Physical activity

A
  • continue exercise throughout pregnancy
  • choose “low-impact” activities
  • Follow guidelines (exercise regularly, warm up with 5-10 min of light activity, do 30 min of moderate PA, do cool down with 5-10 min slow activity and stretching, drink water, eat enough to support)
  • physically fit women can continue physical activity throughout pregnancy but should choose activities wisely
  • pregnant women should avoid sports in which they might fall or be hit by other people or objects and should take care not to become dehydrated or overheated
33
Q

Common nutrient concerns of pregnancy

A
  • food cravings and food aversions
  • nonfood cravings: pica (ingestion of nonfood items such as laundry starch, clay, soil, or ice)
  • morning sickness (peaks at nine weeks and resolves within a month or two, avoid odours, eat when hungry, if it interferes with normal eating for more than a week or two, seek medical advice to prevent nutrient deficiencies)
  • heartburn
  • constipation
34
Q

Problems in Pregnancy: Preexisting Diabetes

A
  • key: maintenance of glycemic control
  • face high infertility rates
  • may experience episodes of of severe hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, preterm labour, pregnancy-related HTN,
  • babies may be large, suffer from physical and mental abnormalities, and experience other complications
  • for optimal long-term outcomes, continuation of intensified diabetes management after pregnancy is in the best interest of the mothers health
35
Q

Problems with pregnancy: Gestational Diabetes

A
  • glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
  • usually resolves after infant is born
  • this is why HCP strongly advise against excessive weight gain during or after pregnancy
  • weight gain after can increase risk of gestational diabetes in the next pregnancy
  • prompt screening for overweight mothers
  • often leads to surgical birth and high birth weight
  • similar to type 1
36
Q

Problems in pregnancy: Hypertension: chronic or gestational

A
  • complicates a pregnancy
  • can be chronic or gestational
  • chronic: preexisting condition. or HTN for first 20 weeks of gestation
  • gestational: develops after the 20th week of gestation
  • gestational: BP usually returns to normal during the first few weeks after childbirth
  • increases risk of growth restriction, preterm birth, and separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus before birth and increase risk of preeclampsia
37
Q

Problems is pregnancy: Preeclampsia

A
  • a condition characterized not only by high blood pressure but also by protein in the urine.
  • a multisystemic syndrom involving placental stress, inflammation and metabolic dysfunction
  • S&S (increased BP, protein in the urine, severe headache, swelling of hands, face, and feet, vomiting, blurred vision, sudden weight gain)
  • delivery is the only known cure
  • if it progresses she may experience seizures; when this occurs the condition is called eclapsia.
  • common cause of maternal death
  • treatment focuses on regulating BP and preventing seizure
38
Q

Pharmacology during pregnancy

A

Absorption: affected by hormonal changes, delayed gastric emptying, slowed GI tract, oral meds take longer to absorb, decreased acidity, inhaled meds are absorbed better
Distribution: increased CO and plasma volume. More dilute. Blood flow is affected, increased blood flow to skin, liver, kidneys
Metabolism: may need increased drug dosage
Excretion: excretion rates are increased changing onset action and timing

39
Q

FDA pregnancy categories (A, B, C, D, X N)

A

Teratogens: causes birth defects

40
Q

Practice to avoid

A

Cigarette smoking: complicated birth, low birth weight, SIDS
Medicinal drugs and herbal supplements
Drugs of abuse
Environmental contaminants (lead and mercury. benefits of eating fish outweigh the risk. dietary calcium can help defend against lead toxicity)
Foodborne illness: listeriosis (lunch meat, unpasteurized milk or cheese). can lead to pregnancy loss
- large doses of vitamin-mineral supplements
- Restrictive dieting
- Sugar substitutes: use in moderation
- Caffeine: < 200mg/day considered safe
- Alcohol: no “safe” level of consumption - causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

41
Q

Adolescent pregnancy

A
  • Deficiencies of B12, D, folate, calcium, iron
  • less likely to receive early prenantal care
  • more likely to smoke during pregnancy
  • high rates of stillbirths, preterm births, low-birthweight infants
  • 35-pound weight gain recommended for normal prepregnancy BMI
  • high risk of postpartum weight retention
42
Q

Breastfeeding

A
  • exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months
  • breastfeeding with complementary foods for at least 12 months
43
Q

Nutrition during lactation: energy needs

A

first 6 months: extra 330kcal
second 6 months: extra 400kcal
moderate, gradual weight loss does not interfere with breast feeing - safe rate: 1 lb/week

  • Macro/micronutrient needs
44
Q

Vitamins and minerals during lactation:

A

nutritional deprivation reduces the quantity of the milk not quality. women can produce milk with adequate protein, carbohydrate, fat, folate, and most minerals even when their own supplies are limited. for these nutrients, milk quality is maintained at expense of maternal stores.
- maternal bone loses density during lactation if calcium intake isn’t adequate
- vitamins most likely to deline in response to prolonged inadequate intake (vitamins B6, B12, A and D)

45
Q

Water during lactation

A

13 cups/day

46
Q

Particular foods during lactation

A
  • strongly-flavoured or spicy foods alter flavor
  • current evidence does not support a major role for dietary restrictions to prevent/delay food allergy
47
Q

Contraindications to breastfeeding

A
  • alcohol
  • tobacco and caffeine
  • medications and illicit drugs
  • maternal illness (active TB or HIV)
48
Q

Encouraging Successful Breastfeeding

A
  • Deterrents: infant formula marketing, medical community’s failure to encourage it
  • preparation and initiation
  • appropriate techniques and practices
  • common problems (sore nipples, engorgement, mastitis)

Nutrition (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions