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Nutrition > Energy Balance and Body Composition > Flashcards

Energy Balance and Body Composition Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolism

A
  • the build up of body compounds
  • anabolic reactions include the making of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein; these reactions require differing amounts of energy
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2
Q

Catabolism

A
  • the break down of body compounds
  • Catabolic reactions include the breakdown of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein; the further catabolism of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids releases differing amounts of energy. Much of the energy released is captured in the bonds of ATP
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3
Q

Energy is released when…

A

a high-energy phosphate bond in ATP is broken. This energy is used to do the body’s work. The loss of a phosphate group from ATP results in the formation of ADP.

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4
Q

Energy is required for ATP synthesis. This enery comes from…

A

the breakdown of carbohydrate, fat and protein

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5
Q

The Body’s Energy Metabolism

A

Glycolysis, Pyruvate, Acetyl CoA = ENERGY

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6
Q

Glucose Breakdown - making energy from glucose

A
  • glucose broken down to pyruvate and most often converted to acetyl CoA
  • Pyruvate can be reconverted to glucose but acetyl CoA cannot
  • Any compound that can be converted to pyruvate can be used to make glucose; any compound converted to acetyl CoA cannot be used to make glucose
  • Acetyl CoA (from the breakdown of CHO) enters the TCA cycle, which ultimately makes energy along with the Electron Transport Chain
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7
Q

Glycolysis:

A

metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

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8
Q

Krebs Cycle (TCA cycyle)

A

where stored energy from CHO, fats, and protein is released. This happens when acetyl CoA is oxidized into ATP and Co2

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9
Q

Fat Breakdown

A
  • Triglycerides become: 3 Fatty Acids (many carbons-long chains) & Glycerol “backbone”
  • Acetyl CoA (2 carbon units) break off from Fatty Acids to yield energy
  • Glycerol is left to become (a little) new glucose OR yield more energy
  • Fat is inefficient source of glucose –> about 95% cannot be converted to glucose at all
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10
Q

Protein Breakdown

A
  • protein is ideally used to maintain supplies of needed body proteins & will not be used for energy
  • Deamination (loss of the amino NH2 group), if needed for energy or consumed in excess
  • Most amino acids can be converted to pyruvate & glucose -> glucogenic
  • some converted to acetyl CoA -> ketogenic
  • Some enter TCA cycle directly
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11
Q

Energy Imbalance: Feasting

A

More energy consumed than expected
- excess is stored as fat

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12
Q

Exces carbohydrate

A

first stored as glycogen (limited capacity)
when stores are full, used for energy, displacing use of fat so fat is stored

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13
Q

excess fat

A

immediately routed to adipose tissue
stored until needed for energy

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14
Q

excess protein

A

the body possesses enzymes to convert excess protein to body fat, but this is very inefficient
research into the degree to which this occurs under normal conditions is ongoing

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15
Q

Food component: Carbohydrate
Is broken down in the body to:
And then contributes to:

A

Glucose
liver and muscle glycogen stores

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16
Q

Food component: Fat
Is broken down in the body to:
And then contributes to:

A

Fatty acids
Body fat stores

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17
Q

Food component: Protein
Is broken down in the body to:
And then contributes to:

A

Amino acids (first used to help replace body fuel; can also be converted to glucose or fat)
Nitrogen lost in urine

18
Q

Energy Imbalance: Fasting
- Glycogen used first

A
  • Glucose from glycogen stores; fatty acids from adipose tissue
  • Liver glycogen exhausted within one day
  • Glucose needed for the brain
  • Brain, nerves, and RBC cannot metabolize fatty acids
19
Q

Energy Imbalance: Fasting
- Protein breakdown and ketosis

A
  • Protein breakdown provides glucose to fuel the brain
  • Ketone body production increases as fast continues
  • Lean tissue wasting slows but continues
20
Q

Energy Imbalance: Fasting
- Slowed metabolism

A
  • conserves fat and lean tissue
21
Q

Ketone Bodies

A

acidic, water-soluble compounds produced by the liver from fatty acid fragments

22
Q

Fasting: 12-15 hours

A

Glycogen stores run out

23
Q

Fasting: 12/15-48 hours

A

Protein is main source of energy(90%)
- muscle breakdown (75-100g/d)

24
Q

> 48 hours

A
  • body shifts to energy most from ketone bodies
  • basal metabolic rate declines
  • slow steady muscle loss
25
Q

Storage component: liver and muscle glycogen stores
Is broken down in the body to:
And then used for:

A

Glucose
Energy for the brain, nervous system, and red blood cells

26
Q

Storage component: body fat stores
Is broken down in the body to:
And then used for:

A

fatty acids
energy for other cells

27
Q

Body component (glycogen depleted): body protein
Is broken down in the body to:
And then converted to:
And then used for:

A

Amino acids
glucose
energy for the brain, nervous system, and RBC

28
Q

Body component (glycogen depleted): body fat
Is broken down in the body to:
And then converted to:
And then used for:

A

fatty acids
ketone bodies
energy for other cells

29
Q

hazards of fasting

A
  • wasting of lean tissues
  • impairment of disease resistance
  • lowering the body’s temperature
  • disruption of body’s fluid and electrolyte balances
30
Q

Energy Balance: Change in energy stores =

A

energy in (kcalories) - energy out (kcalories)

31
Q

Energy out - three factors to consider:

A
  1. Basal metabolism
  2. Energy for physical activities: factors influencing kcalories spend
  3. Energy to manage food
32
Q

Basal Metabolism

A
  • 2/3 of a sedentary person’s expenditure
  • measurements: basal metabolic rate (BMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR)
33
Q

Energy for physical activities: factors influencing kcalories spent

A
  • muscle mass
  • body weight
  • activity: duration, frequency, and intensity
34
Q

Components of Energy Expenditure

A

30-50% Physical Activities
10% Thermic effect of food
50-65% Basal metabolism

35
Q

Factors influencing energy expenditure

A
  • Gender: higher BMR with growth
  • Growth: increased BMR with growth
  • Age: BMR declines during adulthood
  • Physical activity: energy needs vary by activity
  • Body composition and body size: higher BMR for taller or heavier persons
36
Q

Estimating energy requirements

A
  • Equations for estimated energy requirements
  • Dependent upon age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity
37
Q

Eating Disorders

A
  • Estimated to affect 6 percent of females and 3% of males
    Anorexia nervosa
    Bulimia nervosa
    Binge eating disorder
  • characteristics of disordered eating (restraining or binge eating, purging, fear of fatness and distortion of body image)
38
Q

Causes of eating disorders

A
  • Sociocultural (pressure to be thin, view of healthy body weight as overweight)
  • Psychological (use of unhealthy actions to lost weight, energy restriction followed by binging, pattern of weight cycling)
  • neurochemical
39
Q

Eating Disorders - Vulnerable Groups

A
  • athletes and dancers at greater risk
  • risk factors for athletes:
    Young age, pressure to excel in a sport, focus on achieving “ideal” body weight, sports that focus on aesthetic appeal (gymnastics, dance, figure skating), unhealthy weight loss dieting at a young age
40
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • female, middle-or upper-class, perfectionist
  • sees self as too fat regardless of weight
  • treatment aspects (deal with food and weight, deal with relationships with self and others)
41
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Binging and purging
- binging done in secret
- purging methods include cathartic or emetic (bother have serious physical consequences)
- person feels guilt (aware of consequences of behaviour)
- binge eating disorder without purging
- treatment involves helping client gain control of behaviour

Nutrition (17 decks)

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