Nutrition/Supplements Flashcards
Define Nutrients
biochemical substances used by the body for growth, development, activity, reproduction, lactation, health maintenance, and recovery from illness or injury
Nutrients that supply energy
carbohydrates
protein
lipids (fats)
nutrients that regulate body processes
vitamins
minerals
water
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
number of calories required to fuel the involuntary activities that of the body at rest after 12 hours
Males have higher BMR due to
larger muscle mass
factors that increase BMR
growth
infections
fever
emotional tension
extreme environmental temperatures
elevated levels of certain hormones
Factors that can decrease BMR
Aging
prolonged fasting
sleep
very low-calorie diet
BMI
Ratio of weight (weight x height)
can be used an initial assessment of nutritional status
provides an estimate of body fat
waist to hip ratio (WHR)
tool used to identify central obesity
Carbohydrates
sugars and starches
organic compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
primary function - supply energy
simple or complex
recommended as 45 to 60 % of total calories for adults
digested easier and quicker
converted to glucose for transport via blood
Liver stores the glucose and regulates entry into blood
As income increases carbohydrate intake…
decreases
Protein
vital component of every living cell; required for formation of all body structures
22 amino acids
dietary protein is broken down into amino acids by pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine
Red meat is an example of a _________ protein?
complete protein
Fats
insoluble in water and blood
95% of lipids in diet are triglycerides
Saturated/Unsaturated
digested largely in the small intestine
most concentrated source of energy in the diet
Trans fat
An unsaturated fat formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils
raises serum cholesterol
containing one or more trans double bonds
Fat soluble vitamins
Stored in the body’s fat
Vitamins A, D, E, K
Water soluble vitamins
Not stored in the body
B vitamins and vitamin C
Vitamin A
affects visual acuity, skin and mucous membranes, and immune function
Essential Nutrients
not synthesized in the body - or are made in insufficient amounts
must be provided via diet or supplements
Vitamin D
provides calcium and phosphorus metabolism and stimulates calcium absorption
Vitamin E
antioxidant that protects Vitamin A.
Vitamin K
helps the synthesis of certain proteins necessary for blood clotting
Macrominerals
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
sodium
potassium
chloride
sulfur
Microminerals
iron
zinc
manganese
fluoride
copper
chromium
iodine
Water
between 50 and 60% of adult’s total weight
2/3 of body water contained within intracellular fluid (ICF)
1/3 = Extracellular (ECF) (Plasma, interstitial fluid)
acts as solvent and aids in digestion, absorption, circulation, and excretion
Water is more vital to life then food because
it provides the medium necessary for all chemical reactions and it is not stored in the body.
Physiologic and physical factors that affect nutrition
stage of development
stage of health
medications
social determinants of health that affect nutrition
economic stability
health care access and quality
social and community context
education access and quality
neighborhood and built environments
What increases nutritional needs
infancy
adolescence
pregnancy
lactation
activity
components of nutritional assessment
hx: dietary, medications, socioeconomic data
physical: anthropometric and clinical data
biochemical: protein status, body vitamin, mineral, and trace element status
