Deck 2

Question 1

Indirect Visualization Studies

Answer 1

Upper gastrointestinal (UGI)
Small bowel series
Barium enema
Abdominal ultrasound
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Abdominal CT scan

Question 2

types of enemas

Answer 2

Cleansing
Retention
-Oil
-Carminative
-Medicated
-Anthelmintic
Large volume
Small volume

Question 3

anthelminitic enema

Answer 3

destroy intestinal parasites

Question 4

oil retention enema

Answer 4

lubricate the stool and intestinal mucosa, easing defecation

Question 5

carminative enema

Answer 5

help expel flatus from the rectum

Question 6

nutritive enema

Answer 6

administer fluids and nutrition rectally

Question 7

sigmoidoscopy

Answer 7

visual examination of the distal sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal through a flexible or rigid sigmoidoscope

Question 8

Types of Ostomies

Answer 8

Sigmoid colostomy
Descending colostomy
Transverse colostomy
Ascending colostomy
Ileostomy

Question 9

Colostomy Diet

Answer 9

low fiber foods first 6-8 weeks
-avoid gas-causing foods
-avoid foods that cause blockage: nuts, corn, popcorn, mushrooms, coconuts, stringy vegetables, foods with skins/casings
-add foods that thicken stool (bananas, cheese, pasta, rice, yogurt, applesauce, potatoes)
-Drink 2.5 quarts of fluids (preferably water)

Question 10

NG tubes

Answer 10

used to decompress or drain the stomach of unwanted stomach contents
-used to allow GI tract to rest before or after abd surgery to promote healing
-can be inserted to monitor GI bleeding

Question 11

actual loss

Answer 11

can be recognized by others
tangible and measurable
definite and observable absence of something that was once present.

Question 12

percieved loss

Answer 12

subjective, felt by the person but not tangible or objectively measurable.
-involves the feeling or belief that something significant has been taken away, even if there is no concrete evidence of the loss
(Ex: the loss of opportunities, or the loss of a valued aspect of one’s life, loss of financial independence)

Question 13

Physical loss vs. psychological loss

Answer 13

Physical loss is an alteration of our physical self like amputation, removal of an organ, or loss of function
-psychological loss pertains to the emotional and subjective experience of a loss, Loss of self-esteem, loss of a relationship, or loss of a dream or opportunity

Question 14

maturational loss

Answer 14

experienced as a result of natural development processes
-the emotional distress or sense of grief experienced when individuals go through natural life transitions or developmental milestones, such as aging, retirement, or children leaving home

Question 15

situational loss

Answer 15

experienced as a result of an unpredictable event
(Ex. job loss, divorce, or a major illness)

Question 16

anticipatory loss

Answer 16

loss has not yet taken place; a loss that is expected to come
(ex: terminal illness diagnosis or an impending separation)

Question 17

grief

Answer 17

the internal, emotional response and reaction to the loss of someone or something significant.
-encompasses a range of feelings (sadness, anger, disbelief, and emotional pain.)

Question 18

bereavement

Answer 18

the overarching term that encompasses both grief and mourning.
-refers to the period of mourning and grief following a significant loss.
-acknowledges the emotional, psychological, and social dimensions of coping with loss.

Question 19

mourning

Answer 19

the outward expression of grief.
-involves the cultural and social practices, rituals, and behaviors that individuals or communities engage in to express and cope with their grief.
(Ex: funerals, memorial services, or personal rituals that help people navigate the emotional impact of loss.)

Question 20

dysfunctional grief

Answer 20

prolonged, intense, or impaired grieving process that significantly interferes with a person’s ability to cope and move forward after a loss.
-abnormal or distorted grief that may be either unresolved or inhibited
(Ex: persistent feelings of guilt, an inability to perform daily activities, or the development of unhealthy coping mechanisms)

Question 21

Engels six stages of grief

Answer 21

Was first to define stage of grief

1. Shock and disbelief - denial, “not me”
2. Developing awareness - feelings/anger “why me”
3. Restitution - involves the rituals surrounding loss (funerals)
4. Resolving the loss - dealing with the void left by the loss
5. Idealization - the exaggeration of the good qualities of the person or object, followed by acceptance of the loss and a lessened need to focus on it
6. Outcome - final resolution of the grief process, includes dealing with loss as a common life occurrence.

Question 22

uniform definition of death act

Answer 22

An individual who has sustained either..
(1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions
(2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brainstem, is dead

Question 23

Medical criteria used to certify a death

Answer 23

cessation of breathing
no response to deep painful stimuli
lack of reflexes (such as the gag or corneal reflex) and spontaneous movement
flat encephalogram

Question 24

clinical signs of impending death

Answer 24

Difficulty talking or swallowing
Nausea, flatus, abdominal distention
Urinary and/or bowel incontinence or constipation
Loss of movement, sensation, and reflexes
Decreasing body temperature, with cold or clammy skin
Weak, slow, or irregular pulse
Decreasing blood pressure
Noisy, irregular, or Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Restlessness and/or agitation
Cooling, mottling, and cyanosis of the extremities and dependent areas

Question 25

Different Special Orders for End of Life

Answer 25

POLST
Allow natural death, DNR, No-Code
Comfort measures only
Terminal Weaning - weaning off ventilator
Voluntary stopping of Eating and Drinking (VSED)
active/passive euthanasia
palliative sedation

Question 26

Advance directives (living wills and durable power of attorney) indicate:

Answer 26

who will make decisions for the patient if the patient is unable
-the kind of medical treatment the patient wants or doesn’t want.
-how comfortable the patient wants to be.
-how the patient wants to be treated by others.
-what the patient wants loved ones to know.

Question 27

physiologic needs of dying patients

Answer 27

hygiene
pain control
nutritional needs

Question 28

psychological needs of dying patients

Answer 28

patient needs control over fear of the unknown, pain, separation, leaving loved ones, loss of dignity, loss of control, unfinished business, isolation

Question 29

needs for intimacy of dying patient

Answer 29

patient needs ways to be physically intimate that meets needs of both partners

Question 30

spiritual needs of dying patient

Answer 30

patient needs meaning and purpose, love and relatedness, forgiveness and hope