Nutrition Patterns Throughout Life, Types of Anemia, and Inborn Illnesses Flashcards
What nutrients are important in pregnancy?
fiber, CHO slightly increases, folate, vitamin A (important for immune function, lung development, gene expression), omega-3
What types of food contain Listeria?
uncooked or undercooked ready-prepared meals
soft-mold ripened cheese
uncooked/undercooked meats, fish, eggs
pate
What can alcohol consumption by the mother cause in the fetus?
FAS
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
What are the complications of GDM on fetus?
macrosomia (>4000g or 8.8lbs) and hypoglycemia
What is the criteria for pregnancy induced hypertension? What is the MNT?
elevated BP 140/90 after 20 wk gestation
mild edema
proteinuria
sodium restriction not recommended
How to calculate corrected age?
infant’s current age - # weeks (or months) premature
What supplements do infants need?
vitamin D from birth (if breastfed)
iron at 4-6 months
fluoride after 6 mo if H2O has no fluoride
B12 on vegan moms (if breastfeeding)
What are the hormones involved in lactation?
prolactin (production of milk)
oxytocin (moves ejection – taxi)
If baby can’t tolerate soy or cow’s milk, what can you give them?
casein hydrolysate formula (doesn’t have lactose and it’s better tolerated by baby because casein has been split into smaller components)
What is a normal birth weight?
5.5-8.8 lbs
What is considered a low birth wt?
<5.5lbs
What is considered a very low birth weight?
<3.3lbs
What is considered an extremely-low birth weight?
<2.2lbs
How many weeks is a baby considered to be premature?
What is a normal growth weight in infants?
by 4-6 months, infants doubled their weight
by 1 year, weight should triple
What types of foods can babies eat at 6-8 months?
large finger foods or palmar grasp
What types of foods do babies eat at 9-12 months?
pincer grasp (like cereal)
Guideline for amount of food at 2 years old?
2 tablespoons of every food group
What is the RAST blood test?
measures presence of IgE antibodies in food
What is the food allergen-specific serum IgE test?
blood test testing levels of IgE
What is the Skin-Prick Test (SPT)?
drops of food extracts are placed on skin of arm or back, body is pricked and wait 15 minutes to watch for reactions
most economical
What is the DBPCFC test?
double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge
used to identify food induced sx and is used to finalize diagnosis
reintroduce food one by one and in different forms
ex: allergy to eggs but may be able to have cake
What are the Big 8 allergens?
peanuts tree nuts (macadamia, pecan, hazelnut, walnuts, pistachio) eggs (albumin, lecithin) milk (goat milk, ghee) soy (miso, natto) wheat (bottled sauces and gravies) shellfish, fish
What is the most life threatening allergen?
peanuts (can cause anaphylaxis episodes)
With Maple Syrup Urine disease (MSUD), what BCAAs are affected?
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Isoleucine, leucine, valine
leucine is the most problematic
What can Urea Cycle Defects (UCDs) cause?
Accumulation of ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia) and can cause seizures
What is the treatment for galactosemia?
galactose and lactose restriction for life
avoid: organ meats, MSG extenders, dates, bell peppers, papaya
allowed: pure MSG, hydrolyzed casein, milk substitutes
What is Glycogen Storage Disease? What is the treatment?
inability to metabolize glycogen to glucose
glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency leads to impaired gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
symptoms include hypoglycemia
high complex CHO, low fat diet (to prevent fatty liver)
For homocystinuria (HCU), what AA is not metabolized correctly? What is a common symptom? What is the treatment?
methionine
megaloblastic anemia
give folate, B6, B12 (remember B6, B9, B12)
What is Congenital Sucrase-Isomaltase deficiency (CSID)?
What is the MNT?
enzyme sucrase-isomaltase missing and can’t digest sucrose, maltose, and starch
restrict sucrose, maltose, and starch
List the essential Amino Acids
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tryptophan, threonine, histamine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine, leucine, lysine
What are the conditionally essential amino acids in stressful situations?
arginine, glutamine
what is cariogenicity?
caries-promoting properties of food
cariogenic foods: crackers, chips, pretzel cereal, bread, fruit with high water content…
What are cariostatic foods?
cavity preventing foods
eggs, fish, meat, poultry –> high protein and sugar alcohol
What are anticariogenic foods?
when eaten before a cariogenic food, it prevents plaque from recognizing acid food
What is the weight for stature (height) mostly used for? for what age?
monitor failure to thrive
0-24 months
What is stature (height) for age mostly used for and from what age?
0-24 months
reflects long-term nutritional status (stunted growth)
What is weight for age used for?
short-term nutritional status
What is BMI for age used for and for what age?
2-20 years
weight in relation to stature
In iron deficiency anemia, would MCHC, MCV, serum Fe, ferritin, and transferrin will be high or low?
all will be low, only transferrin will be high
What is pernicious anemia? What is it diagnosed with?
megaloblastic, macrocytic
B12 deficiency, d/t lack of IF
diagnosed with Schilling test
What are the fluid needs for adults?
30-35ml/kg
What are the optimal fat needs for an adult?
<30%
Low calcium and iron absorption is the cause of what problem in the elderly population?
low HCl production (achorhydria)
What are the vitamin D and Ca recommendations in the elderly?
<70 yrs - 600 IU vitamin D and 1000 IU Ca
>70 yrs = 800 IU vitamin D and 1200 IU Ca
What is the hydration recommendation for athletes?
16-24 ounces for every 1 lb body wt lost (at least 16 oz)
What deficiency does a B12 deficiency mask?
folate
